^miMi^'^1 ■'-. - /■ ^^-v ^ %^,-^^<^ ^ f'"^^^- ,J|- A^ / \> ,fe.' ,^.^>^^^ , j-^ .i*'- "^ '■'i f •- ^-.1 \ i¥a. Wt yai l^y .,tf^'# , f s ,, i. - . n 1....^ ■^p^ \ I ^i^^-S 1:^*^ Journal or tu Ropal microscopical Socletp CONTAINING ITS TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS AMD A SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO (principally Invertebrata and Cryptogamia) 3S/3:iCR,OSOO:e>'X', &;a. EDITED BY R. G. HEBB, M.A. M.D. F.R.C.P. WITH THE ASSISTANCE Of THE PuiiLICATION CoMMITI KB AND J. ARTHUR THOMSON, M.A. LL.D. A. N. DISNEY, M.A. B.So. Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY A. B. RENDLB, M.A. D.Sc. F.R.S. F.L.S. Keejier, Department of Bota^iy, British. Museum R. M. JONES, M.Sc. RALPH ST. JOHN BROOKS, Woolwich Arsenal M.A. M.D. D.P.H. D.T.M. & H. (Camb.) Minimis partibus, per totum Naturae campum, certitudo omnis innititur quas qui fugit pariter Naturam \wg\\.—LinncEns. FOR THE YEAR 1917 TO BE OBTAINED AT THE SOCIETY'S ROOMS 20 HANOVER SQUARE, LONDON, W. OF Messrs. WILLIAMS & NORGATE, 14 Henrietta Street, London, W.C. AND OF Messrs. DULAU & CO., 37 Soho Square, London, W. ■J Extra and informal Meetings are held on the 1st and 4th Wednesday evenings of the month. These Meetings are devoted to : — (1) Biology, Bacteriology, and Histology ; (2) Microscopical Optics and Microsope Construction. iHU^ liopl piiqascaiical Establislied in 1839. Incorporated by Eoyal Charter in 1866. The Society was established for the promotion of Microscopical and Biological Science by the communication, discussion, and publication of observa- tions and discoveries relating; to (1) improvements in the construction and mode of application of the Microscope, or (2) Biological or other subjects of Microscopical Eesearch. It consists of Ordinary, Honorary, and Ex-officio Fellows of either sex. Ordinary Fellows are elected on a Certificate of Kecommendatioa signed by three Ordinary Fellows, setting forth the names, residence, and description of the Candidate, of whom the first proposer must have personal knowledge. The Certificate is read at two General Meetings, and the Candidate balloted for at the second Meeting. The Admission Fee is 2/. 2s., paid at the time of election ; and the Annual Subscription is 2'. 2.s., piyable on election, and subsequently in advance on 1st January in each year, but the Annual Subscription may be compounded for at any time for 31/. lOs. Fellows elected at a meeting subsequent to that in February are only called upon for a proportionate part of the first year's sub- scription. The annual Subscription of Fellows permanently residing abroad is 11. lis. C)d., or a reduction of one-fourth. Honorary Fellows (limited to 50), consisting of Fellows eminent in Microscopical or Biological Science, are elected on the recommendation of five Ordinary Fellows and the approval of the Council. Ex-officio Fellows (limited to 100), consisting of the Presidents for the time being of any Societies having objects in whole or in part similar to those of the Society, are elected on the recommendation of ten Ordinary Fellows and the approval of the Council. The Council, in whom the management of the property and affairs of the Society is vested, is elected annually, and is composed of the President, four Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, two Secretaries, and twelve other Ordinary Fellows. The Meetings are held on the third Wednesday in each month, from October to June, at 20 Hanover Square, W. (commencing at 8 p.m.). Visitors are admitted I)y the introduction of Follows. The Journal, containing the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society, and a Summary of Current Researches relating to Zoology and Botany (principally Invertebrata and Cryptogamia), Microscopy, etc, is published bi-monthly, and is forwarded post-free to all Ordinary and Ex-officio Fellows residing in countries within the Postal Union. The Library, with the Instruments, Apparatus, and Cabinet of Objects is open for the use of Fellows daily (except Saturdays), fiom 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. It is closed for four weeks during August and September. Forms of propoml for Fellowships and any further information, may he obtained by application, lo^ the Secretaries, or Assistant-Secretary, at the Library of the Society. 20 Hanover Square, W. a 2 HIS MAJESTY THE KING. IPHst-^resibents. Elected *Sm Richard Owen, K.C.B. D.C.L. M.D. LL.D. F.R.S. 1840-1 ♦John Lindley, Ph.D. F.R.S 1842-3 *Thomas Bell, F.R.S 1844-5 *James Scott Bowerbank, LL.D. F.R.S 1846-7 *George Busk, F.R.S 1848-9 ^Arthur Farre, M.D. F.R S 1850-1 *George Jackson, M.R.C.S 1852-3 *WiLLiAM Benjamin Carpenter, C.B. M.D. LL.D. F.R.S. 1854-5 "George Shadbolt 1856-7 *Edwin Lankester, M.D. LL.D. F.R.S 1858-9 *JoHN Thomas Quekett, F.R.S 1860 ♦Robert James Farrants, F.R.C.S 1861-2 ♦Charles Brooke, M.A. F.R.S 1863-4 ♦James Glaisher, F.R.S 1865-6-7-8 ♦Rev. Joseph Bancroft Reade, M.A. F.R.S 1869-70 ♦William Kitchen Parker, F.R.S 1871-2 ♦Charles Brooke, M.A. F.R.S 1873-4 ♦Henry Clifton Sorby, LL.D. F.R.S 1875-6-7 ♦Henry James Slack, F.G.S 1878 ♦Lionel S. Beale, M.B. F.R.C.P. F.R.S 1879-80 ♦Peter Martin Duncan, M.B. F.R.S 1881-2-3 ♦Rev. William Hy. Dallinger, M.A. LL.D. F.R.S. 1884-5-6-7 ♦Charles Thos. Hudson, M.A. LL.D. (Cantab.), F.R.S. 1888-9-90 ■■'Robert Braithwaite, M.D. M.R.C.S 1891-2 Albert D. Michael, F.L.S 1893-4-5-6 Edward Milles Nelson 1897-8-9 William Carruthers, F.R.S. F.L.S. F.G.S 1900-1 Henry Woodward, LL.D. F.R.S. F.G.S. F.Z.S 1902-3 Dukinfield Hy. Scott, M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. F.R.S. F.L.S. 1904-5-6 ♦The Right Hon. Lord Avebury, P.C. D.C.L. LL.D. F.R.S., etc 1907-8 Sir Edwin Ray Lankester, K.C.B. M.A. LL.D. F.R.S. F.L.S. F.Z.S 1909 J. Arthur Thomson, M.A. F.R.S.E 1910-11 Henry George Plimmer, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc 1911-12 G. Sims Woodhead, M.A. M.D. LL.D. F.R.S.E., etc 1913-16 * Deceased. COUNCIL. Elected 17th January, 1917, ^^ resident. *Edward Heron-Allen, F.L.S. F.Z.S., etc. ^ ice- |1rcsii) eats. Joseph E. Barnard. * Arthur Earl and. *E. G. Hebb, M.A. M.D. F.R.C.P. F. Shillington Scales, M.A. M.D., etc. OL/rcu surer. *Cyril F. Hill. ^ecietiu'ies. *J. W. H. Eyre, M.D. F.R.S. Edin. *David J. Scourfield, F.Z.S. #rL)inarp ||lcmbcrs of Council. H. F. AnCtUS. *Alfred N. Disney, M.A. B.Sc. "F. Martin Duncan, F.R.P.S. T, H. HiscoTT. J. Milton Of ford. Robert Paulson, F.L.S. Percy E. Radley. A. W. Sheppard. Edward J. Sheppard. Charles Singer, M.A. M.D. Charles D. Soar, F.L.S. Joseph Wilson. EDITOK. "R. G. Hebb, M.A. M.D. F.R.C.P. LIBRARIAN. Percy E. Radley. curator of instruments. curator of slides. Charles Singer, M.A. M.D., etc. Edward J. Sheppard. ASSISTANT SECRETARY. A. E. Bull. * Members of the Publication Committee. CONTENTS, TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY. PAGE I.— Presidential Address, 1916-17 : Alcide d'Orbigny, his Life and his "Work. By Edward Heron-Allen, F.L.S. F.G.S. F.2.S. P.R.M.S. M.R.I.A., etc. To which is appended a Study of the Foraminifera of the Biscayan Coast of France in the Neighbourhood of La Rochelle. By Edward Heron- Allen and Arthur Earhtnd. (Plates I^XIII) I II. — The Parasitology of Pyorrhoea alveolans. By Aubrey H. Drew, D.Sc, and Una D. Griffin, M.B. (Plates XIV to XVH and 1 Text-Fig.) ,. .. 185 III. — Notes upon Phygarum carnenm G. Lister and Sturgis: A New British Species of Mycetozoa. By Henry J. Howard, F.R.M.S. (Plate XVIII) 265 IV.— Bacteriology of Septic War Wounds. By K. W. Goadby. (Plates XIX to XXII and ] Text-Fig.) 269 V. — On some Foraminifera from the North Sea, etc., dredged by the Fisheries Cruiser " Goldseeker " (International North Sea Investigations — Scot- land). IV. On Nouria rugosa : a New Species of Foraminifera from the Faroe Channel. By Edward Heron-Allen, F.L.S. F.Z.S. Pres.R.M.S. and Arthur Earland, F.R.M.S. (Plate XXIII) .^61 VI.— The Life-history of the Meningococcus. By Edward C. Hort, F.R.C.P. Ed. (Plates XXIV and XXV) '^65 VII. — A Note on Fertilization and Deposition of Ova in Fortunus depurator. By F. Martin Duncan, F.R.M.S. F.R.P.S 375 VIII.— Alcide d'Orbigny, his Life and his Work. By Edward Heron-Allen, F.L.S. F.Z.S. Pres. R.M.S. Errata and Corrigenda 43o IX. — Some Methods of Preserving Marine Biological Specimens. By F. Martin Duncan, F.R.M.S. F.R.P.S .■i21 X. — On some Foraminifera from the North Sea, etc., dredged by the Fisheries Cruiser " Goldseeker " (International North Sea Investigations — Scot- land). V. On Thurammina papiUata Brady ; a Study in Variation. By Edward Heron-Allen, F.L.S. F.Z.S. Pres. R.M.S., and Arthur Earland, F.R.M.S. (Plates XX VI-XXX) 530 >111 CONTENTS. NOTES. PACK Two Letters from Professor Abbe to John "Ware Stephenson. Communicated by J. F. Cheshire. (Two facsimile Figs.) 198 Technical Optics • .. 279,558 OBITUARY. Robert Braithwaite, M.D. M.R.C.S. F.L.S. F.R.M.S. By A. W. Sheppard .. .. 560 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES. ZOOLOGY. VERTEBBATA. «• "Embryologry- GooDiLE, H. D. — Gonads in Relation to Secondary Sex-characters of Birds .. .. 106 AssHETOx, Richard (the late) — Growth in Length 108 Swift, Charles H. — Origin of Sex-cords and Spermatogonia in Male Chick .. .. 109 LocY, W. A., & Olof I^ausblIj— Development of Bird's Lung 110 Kellicott, W. E. — Influence of Loio Temperature on Development of Fxmdulm .. 110 MacBride, E. W. — Experimental Embryoloijy 204 Etjth, Edward S. — Twin-embryos in Dud: 205 Laurent, O. — Siamese Grafting 205 Castle, W. E. — Inheritance in Guinea-pujs and Eats 205 Schmidt, JoHs. — Earhj Larval Stages of Eels 206 GuDGER, E. W. — Eggs of Gaff-topsail 207 Wiemann, H, L. — Chromosomes of Human Spermatocytes 281 Pearl, Raymond — Eff'ect of Alcohol on Germ-cells 282 Reagan, Franklin P. — Origin of Germ-cells in Chich 282 Smith, H. P. — Ovarian Cycle in Mice 282 YA'sikQk\{k,'^lKKOio^New Protamines from Milt 283 Riddle, Oscar — Inequality of the Testes in Pigeons 283 Werber, E. I. — Blastolytic Origin of Independent Lenses 283 O'Uonoghue, Chas. H. — Development of Vascular System in Beptiles 284 Loeb, Jacques — Sex of Parthenogetically-developed Frogs 284 HuBER, G.Carl — Seminiferous Tubules of Btj-ds 284 King, Helen Dean — Age and Fertility in Bats 285 'i!^EAL,'H..Y.— History of Eye Muscles '-ISd Gejimill, James F., & James Stewart — Rare Form of Double Monstrosity .. 285 KiBHMAN, W. B. — Prolonged Gestation in Suckling Mice 286 Smith, P. E. — Effect of Extirpating Hypophysis on Growth and Development of Frog 286 HosKiNS, E. R. — Influence of Diet on Ductless Glands 287 KiKG, Helen Dean — Undersized Neic-born Bats 287 Arey, 1j. B. — Origin of Osteoclasts 287 CONTENTS. IX PA8F, Reagan, Franklin Pearce — Origin of Vascular Endothelium and of Erythrocytes 287 GuDERNATSCH, J. F. — Internal Secreliou 288 Jenkinson, J. W. (the late) — Experimental Embryology 377 Gatenby, J. Bronte — Sex of Tadpoles reared from Artificially Parthenogenetic Ova 378 Werber, E. I. — Morphofjenesis of Monsters o79 Purser, G. L. — Early Development of Spleen in Lepidosiren and Protopterus .. 380 EwAUT. R. J. — Influence (f Age on Sex 380 Itagakt, M. — Action of Corpus Luteum 381 Rosenheim, Mart Christine — Occurrence of Spermine 381 Tasigvcki.Yasabvro— Chemical Composition of Ovaries 381 Sato, Shigeo — Life of Spermatozoa of Horse outside of the Body 381 OcHi, Shin-Itsu — Life of Spermatozoa in Solution 381 BouNHiOL, J. P. — Sex Dimorphism in Sardine of Algerian Coasts 881 LoEB, Leo — Cyclic Changes in Mammalian Orary 435 Hesselberg, Cora, & Leo Loeb — Cyclic Changes in Mammary Gland of Guinea- pig 435 Moore, C. R. — Can Artificially-activated Eggs be Fertilized ? 436 Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth — Groivth and Form 436 Parker, Katherine M. — Development of Hypophysis and Related Structures in Marsupials 437 Moschcotvitz, Eli — Ossification in Ovary 437 OuTERBRiDGE, G. W. — Bone Formation in Ovary 438 Pearl, Raymond, & Maynie R.Curtis — Dwarf-eggs of Domestic Fowl .. .. 438 Frost, Howard B.—T/ie Term "Focf or" 438 Riddle, Oscar — Control of Sex-ratio 439 „ & others — Reproductive Processes in Birds 441 BouLENGER, G. A. — Breeding Habits of the Mid wtfe-toad 442 Goldschmidt, R. — Sex and Heredity 443 Pearl, Raymond — Effect of Calcium Salts on Growth 444 Goetsch, Emil — Influence of Pituitary Feeding on Growth and Sex Development 444 Pearl, Raymond — Fertility and Age 4-15 Sumner, F. B. — Superf elation and Deferred Fertilization amomi Mice 445 Bell, W. Blair — Correlation of Internal Secretion and Female Sex Functions .. 445 Smith. K. M., & H. G. Newth — Collar Cavities of Larval Amphioxus 446 Reagan, Franklin Pearce — Development of Stapedial Plate 561 „ „ Dependent Development 562 Chapin, Catherine Lines — Microscopic Study of Reproductive System of Foetal Free-martins .. .. 563 Braohet, A. — The Egg-cell and its Development .563 Jordan, H. E. — Yolh-sac of Pig Embryo 567 Anthony, R. — Embryonic Circulation in Stickleback .. .< .. ., 568 Wintrebert, P. — Gastrulation in Selachians 568 Jordan, H. E. — Atresia of QSheath in Flebeiid Blue Butterflies 387 JioBDAS,!^. — Alimentary Canal of Cetoninie 388 McIsDOO—'' Ee flex" Bleeding 388 Ford, George H. — Life-history of Agriotes obscurus 388 Rennie, John — Study of Tipula pcdudosa ., 388 Malloch, John E. — Characters of Dipterous Larvas 389 RouBAUD, E. — Early Development of Horse Bot-fly 389 Rosen — Phylloxera Galls 389 EwiNG — Pure Lines in Aphides 389 Thompson — Brain of Termites 390 Roth, H. Ling — Growth and Habits of Stick Insect 390 Shoebotham, John W. — British Collentbola 391 Cockayne, E. A. — lielcdion between Gonads and Secondary Sex Characters in Insects 457 Sanford, Eldon W. — Digestion in Insects 458 Chapman, T. A. — Habits of Lame of Lycsena arion 458 „ Structure and Systematic Position of Micropteryx 459 CoQKAYNE, E. A. — Gynandromorphous Lepidoptera 459 Pereiraz, J.. & KoEHLER — Influence of Coloured Light on Butterflies 460 "Warren, Ernest, & OTHERS — South African Baijivorms 460 Granui, G. — Structure of Agaoninse 461 Jack, Rupert W. — Parthenogenesis among Worker Bees 461 Bourgeois & O. Morgenthaler — Sex in Bees 462 BoRDAS, L. — Ovipositioncmd Larvae of Rhyncliites conicus 463 B0VING, A. — North American Coccinellid Larvas .. .. 463 Bardenpleth, K. S. — Air-sacs of Larva of Corethra plumicornit .. .. .. .. 463 Grimshaw, Percy H. — British Lice and their Hosts .. .^ 463 Davy, Wheeler P. — Effect of X-rays on Length of Life of Flour Weevils ., .. 578 Brocher, F. — Circulation of Blood in Iwects 578 BoRDAGE, E. — Minute Changes in Metamorphosis 579 RouBAUD, E. — French Mosquitoes and Paludism 579 Peterson, Alvah — Head- capsule and Mouth-parts of Diptera 580 Atkin, E. E., & A. Bacot — Relation of Bacteria and Yeasts to Development of Mosquito Eggs 581 Scott, Hugh — New Genera of Nycteribiidx 581 Bemmelen, Professor J. F. VAN — Colour-pattern of Wings of Diptera , 582 Dolley, W. L. — Effects of Light on Rate of Locomotion in Vanessa antiope .. .. 682 Schierbeck, A. — Setal Pattern of Caterpillars 5S2 Gatenby. J. Bronte — Atypical Spermatozoa in Moths 583 Butler, E. A. — Life-history of Piezodorus lituratus 583 Hill, J.P. — Gynandromorphic Earwig 584 XIV CONTENTS. PAGE Barker, C. N. — Mel ante Aberrations in Acrxinse 584 Carpenter, George H. — hijurious Insects in Ireland 584 UcHiDA, Seinosuke — Bird-infesttng Mallopltaga of Japan 584 /3. Myriopoda. Brade, Hilda K., & S. Graham Birks — Structure of CylindroiuJus nitidus.. .. 391 y. Prototracheata. BouviER, E. L. — New Species of Peripatus 297 S. Arachnida. Levy, Robert — Toxins of Spiders' Eggs 120 Hirst, Stanley — Notes on Parasitic Elites 121 Berl AND, Jeanne — Mating in Cribellate Spiders 220 Hirst, Stanley— iVcM) M7es/nvm Ltzanis , 220 Gravely, F. H. — Evolution of Indo-Australian Thelyphonidx 220 Neumann, L. G. — Cavernicolous Acarina 220 Kew, H. Wallis — British Pseudoscorpions 297 Trouessart, E. — Traces of Trachex in Sarcoptids 297 Hewitt, John — New South African Spiders 463 Williamson, William — Water-mites 464 Hirst, Stanley — Occurrence of Pseudo-paratilic Mite on Cat 464 Soar, Chas. D. — New Water-mites 464 Hirst, Stanley — Species of Bemodex 584 Patten, Bradley M. — Whip-tail Scorpion's Beaction to Light 584 Jordan, H. E. — Striped Muscle of Limulus 585 «■ Crustacea. Allen, Bennet M. — Reproduction in Spiny Lohder 121 Chilton, Charles — Gammar id Studies 121 CoLLiNGE, Walter E. — Studies on Isopods 122 Cooper, J., »& W. Omer Cooper — Male of Cyathura earinata 122 PiLSBRY, Henry A. — Monograph on American Sessile Barnacles 122 Esterly, C. 0. — Food of Pelagic Copepods 123 De-'Ma.bchIjMarco — Macrothrix hirsuticornis in the Trentino 123 Burton, Donald C. — Revision of Cheirurinx 123 CoLLiNGE, Walter E. — Revision of British Idoteidx 220 „ „ Variation of the Appendages bearing Pseudo-tracheie in Terrestrial Isopods 221 ,. „ Idotea lacrustrit 221 Williamson, H. Chas. — Amphipoda montagui . . 221 Chilton, Charles — Crustaceans from Eigh Altitudes 297 Tait, John — Immersion Experiments on Ligia oceanica 298 „ Moulting in Ligia 298 „ Limb-flexures and Limb-taxi$ on Peracarida 298 Chapman, Frederick — Antarctic Ostracods 299 Paris, P. — Commensal Ostracod 300 'H.Anynr, E. 'ifiE-wroli —LumineBcence of Japanese Species of Cypridina 300 CONTENTS. XV PAOE BoRRADAiLE, L. A. — Mouth-parts of Prawits .. ■■ - 391 Chilton, Chas. — Terrestrial Isopods from Ch ilka Lake 391 Cohi.mGK.W.'E.— Isopod from Guacharo Care, Trinidad 392 Belachavx, TB.—Cladocera from Victoria Nyama 392 Naoeotte, J. — Nerve-Fibres of Crustacea '^65 Chilton, Chas.— Question of Species among Amphipods of the Genus Ampelisca .. 465 „ Distribution of Amphipods "l^S „ Sex Dimorphism in Hyale 465 CoLLiNGE, Walter E. — Terrestrial Isopods of Natal 466 „ „ Rare Woodlice in Scotland 466 Evans, William — Bare Scottish Woodhnise 466 CoLLiNGE, Walter E. — New British Terrestrial Isopod 466 „ Chech-list of British Terrestrial Woodlice 466 Terao, Arato — Photophores of Sergesfes prehensilis 585 Stebbing, T. R. R. — Durban MaJacostraci 586 CoLOSi, Gr. — Euphatisidt collected by the "■ Liguria " 586 Baddouin, Marcel — Copepod Parasite of the Sprat 586 Chapmak, Frederick — Ostracods of Upper Cretaceous 587 Annulata. Mesnil, F. — Spaion of Spio martinensis Mesii 123 Despax, R. — Branchiura soiverbyi in France 124 McIntosh, W. C. — Genus Jasmineira 124 Williamson, H. C. — Spawning and Exuviation in Arenicola 124 Welch, Paul S. — Snowjield and Glacier Oligochmta 125 Soulier, A. — Vitelline Membrane of Serpniids 222 Fauvel, Pierre — Polijchsets of Falkland Islavd>^ 222 Dehokne, LuciENNE — Structure and Beproduction of Naidomorpha 222 Leigh-Hharpe, W. Harold — Structure of New Species of Branchellion 223 Badham, Charles — New IchthyobdeUid Parasite .. .. 223 '^V\nTom,W. C — Nervous System of Owenia and Myriorhele 301 Leigh-Sharpe, W. Harold— Cn/Z/oMeWa HO'/M/j/'era MdZirt 301 Benham, W. B. — Australian Pohjchxta 392 Fauvel, F. — Australian Pohjchxtes 392 RiojA, Enrique — New Polychxts from Santander 467 ScnyiiDT T. J., & F.\. STCHEPKm\— Experiments on Earthieorms 467 Stephenson, J. — Pharyngeal Glands of Eartlnuorms 587 Horst, R. — Sihoija Aphroditidae 587 Oka, AsAJiRO — Bemarkable Leech 5S8 Nematohelminthes BovhT&VGEB, CnAUhES Jj.—Sclerostome Parasitei^ of Horse 125 Goodrich, H. B. — Germ-cells in Ascaris incurva 125 KiTAMURA, K. — Trichostrongylus orienfalis 126 Cleave, H. J. Van — New Acanthocephalan 126 Stewart, F. H. — Development of Ascaris .. .. 301 Boulenger, Charles L. — Sclerostome Parasites of the Horse in England .. .. 302 NicoLL, W. — Worm Nodules in Cattle . 302 XVI CONTENTS. FAGR Hall, Maurice C. — Nematodes from Bodentia, Lagmorpha, and Hydracoidea ., 302 NicoLL, \V. — Influence of Salt on Development of Hooli-ivorms ,. 302 Cobb, N. A.— Notes on Nematodes 393 Seceat, L. G. — Neio Ascarid of the Frog 393 Cl^a.ve,!!. J. YA^s— New Acanthocephala from Birds 393 Merrill & Ford — Nematodes in Insects 394 Seurat, L. G. — Life-history of Maupasina weissi 467 „ Affinities of Maupasina 467 Skrjabin, K. I. — Neio Genus of Nematodeg from Birds 46S Seurat, L. G. — Nematodes from Birds of Prey 468 k:, „ FiJarix from Reptiles 468 Reichenow, Eduard — Nematodes from African Apes 469 Seurat, L. G. — New Filaria from Lepus 469 „ „ Oxyuridx of North African Beptiles 588 Keilin, D. — New Nematode from Larval Fly 588 Stefanski, W. — Races of Trilohus gracilis 588 Menzel, E. — Genus Hoplolaimus , 589 Skkjabin, K. I. — Nematodes from Russian Birds 589 Platyhelmintlies. Meqgitt, F. J. — Tapeworms of Foucls and Sparrows 126 „ „ Triradiate Tapeworm from Horse 127 Ritchie, J., Jun. — Leucochloridium macroslomum (Rud.) from Great Grey Shrilce 127 Child, C. M. — Control of Head Form and Frequency in Planaria 127 Leiper, R. T. — Bilharziosis 223 Leiper, R. L., & E.L.Atkinson — Asiatic Schistosomiasis 224 Johnston, T. Harvey — Structure of a New Tapeicorm 225 Gdtberlet, John E, — Bladderworms in House Fly .. .. 394 Beddard, Frank E. — Structure of DuVdersia 394 Iturbe, Juan, & EuDORO — Intermediate Host of Schistosomum mansoni 394 Linton, Edwin — Tivo Cestodts from Spotted Sting-Bay 469 La Rue, George Roger — Revision of Proteocephalidie ,. , .. 469 Lavergne, P. DE — Hepatic Distomatosis in Man 470 YoSHiDA, Sadao — Cestodes from Japanese Selachians 589 CooPEU, A. R. — Life- History of Proteocephalus 589 Kaburaki, ToKio — Japanese Triclads 589 Keener, W. A., & A. M. Foshee — Effects of Light on Eye of Prorhyncus .. .. 590 Incerfcse Sedis. Beauchamp, Paul de — Sex in Dinophilus 225 Caullery, M., & F. Meskii- — .K'ew; Record of Enteropneust on French Coast ., .. ^320 Canu, Ferdinand, & Ray S. Bassler — Early Tertiary Cheilostome Bryoxoa .. 395 Gilchrist, J. D. F. — Development of Cephalodiscus 395 Harmer, S. F. — Phoronis oralis 396 Meek, Alexander — Study of Phoronidea 590 Rotatoria. Shull, A. F., & S. Ladoff — Male-ptoJuction in Hydatina 127 Milne, W. — Bdelloid Rotifers of South Africa 303 CONTENTS. XVH Bryozoa. PAQK Okada, Yaichiro — Cyclostoniatous Bryozoa of Japan 390 Echinoderma. Packard, Charles — Effect of Radium Radiations on Rate of Cell-division in Arbacia 128 MiLLiGAN, H. N. — Food of Sea-urchin 128 Gemmill, J. F. — Development of Asteroids 225 Newth, H. ft. — Early Development of Cucumnria 226 Herlant, M. — Action of Oxazine on Germ-cells of Sea-urchin 226 LiLLiE, Ralph S. — Division of Sea-urchin Ova 303 „ „ Permeability and Activation of Sea-urchin Egijs 396 Herlaxt, M. — Increase in Volume of the Nucleus of the Activated Ovum .. .. i70 Flsher, W. K. — New Family of Asteroids 470 Clark, Austin H. — Revision of Genera of Bouryuetricinidx 471 DoDERLEix, L. — Genus Astropecten 591 Ccelentera. ^VASS, yVii.— Firth of Forth Coekntera 128 Cart, L. — Sense-organs and Regeneration in Cassiopea 129 Parker, G. N. — Neuromuscular Arrangements in Sea-Anemones 129 MiLLiGAN, H. N. — Sagartia parasitica Moujiting Shells 130 Bedot, M. — Genus Kir chenpaueria 226 Broch, Hjalmar — Northern Hydroids 227 BiGELOW, H. M. — Neio Genus of Trachomedusse 227 Matthews, Annie — Development of Alcyonium digitatum 227 HiCESON, Sydney J. — Monograph on Pennatulacea 228 Parker, E. Newton — Luminescence of Cavernularia 304 Parker, G. H. — Nervous Transmission iii Actinians 304 ,. Movements of Tentacles in Actinians 305 „ Pedal Locomotion in Actinians 305 LoEB, Jacques, & Hardolph Wasteneys — Heliotropism in Eudendrium .. .. 306 Parker, G. H., & E. G. Titus — Structure of Metridium 397 Parker, G. H. — Effector Systems of Actinians 398 Badham, C. — Larval Actinian Parasitic in Rhizostome 398 Child, C. M. — Conducting Paths in Ctenophores 399 Sanchez y Sanchez, Manuel — Minute Structure of Actinians 471 Dehorne, Yvonne — Senonian Stromatoporella 471 Eoskine, G. — Epithelio-muscular Cells of Hydra 471 Bedot, M. — Genus Antenella 591 Thomson, J. Stuart — South African Gorgonacea 591 Porifera. Dendy, Arthur— GeZa^HiOMS Spicules in a New Genus of Siliceous Sponges .. .. 131 Gravier, Ch. J. — Animals Associated with a Sponge .. 306 Hallman, E. F. — Axinellid Sponges , .. 307 Annandale, Nelson, & Tamiji Kawamura — Sponges of Lake Biwa ., . . . , 307 Dec. 19th, 1917 h XVlll CONTENTS. PAGE HozAWA, iSanji — Japanese Calcareous Sponges 307 Heenandez, Francisco Ferber — Sponges from Malaga 472 JORGENSEN, Olga 51. — Eeproduction and Development in Grantia compressa 591 Dekoy, Arthur, & J. W. Nicholson — Influence of Vibrations on Form of certain Sponge-spicides o92 Protozoa. Jennings, H. S. — Heredity and Variation in Difflugi'a 131 Mast, S. O., & F. M. Root— J^eecZmgf 0/ /lm(E?ja 132 „ & K. S. Lashley — Ciliary Current in Free-stvimming Paramoecium 133 Flotd, J. F. M. — TrypanopMs grohbeni .. .. 133 Grier, N. M. — New Species of Oiiercidaria 133 SwEZY, Olive — Fission in Hexamitus . 134 „ Monocercomonas and Pohjmastix 134 „ Kineto-nucleus of FJaijeUates 135 Jacobs, Merkel H. — Temperature and Variation 135 Greenaway, R. D. — Unusual Mode of Eejjr eduction in Stylonichia 135 Tregocdoff, G. — Studies of Protists 229 Andre, Emile — Infusorians of Lake Geneva 229 Leger, L., & 0. DuBOSCQ — New Genus of Corcidia 229 Watson, Minnie Elizabeth — Studies on Gregarines « 229 Greenaway, R. D. — Evolution among Protozoa ,■ 230 ScHAEFFER, A. A. — Ecaction of Amochse to Food 307 Swellengrebel, N. H., & R. M. M. Winoto — Amcehx of Hum,an Intestine .. .. 308 Chapman, Frederick — Antarctic Foraminifera 308 „ ,. Foraminifera from Eoss Sea 308 Woodruff, Lorande Loss — Eejuvenescence in Protozoa 309 Hadley, P. B. — Flagellate Infections of Irdestines and Liver 310 Zuluetta, Antonio DE — Structure and Division of Nyctotherus ovalis 310 Georgevitch, JivoiN — Myxosporidia at Eoscoff 311 Moore, A. R. — Orientation of Gonium 311 Mathis, C, & L. Mekcier — Affinities of Entamoeba 399 Lichtenstein, Jean L. — New Commensal Species of Amosbidium 400 Fernandez, Salustio Alvarado — Fine Structure of Vorticellid Stalk 400 Plough, Harold H. — Genus Aspidisca 400 ViYANTi, Anna — New Crithidian 400 Leger, L., & A. Ch. Hollande — Parasite of Oocytes of Oyster 400 DuBOSCQ, O. — New Sporozoon 401 Leger, L., & O.DvBoscQ—SporozoafromGlossobalanusminutus 401 Shaw-Mackenzie, J. A. — Toxic Action of Copper Compounds of Amino-Acids on Protozoa 401 Roskine, G. — Structure of Myonemes • 472 Alexeieff, A. — Mitochondria in Protozoa 472 „ Mitochondria and Parabasal Body of Flagellates 472 Hausman, Leon Augustus — Ecology of the Protozoa 473 Reiohenow, Eduard — Blood-parasites of African Apes and Monkeys 474 Mathis, C, & L. Mercier — Cysts of Entamoeba dysenterise 474 „ „ Division of Entamoeba dysenterix 474 Keilin, D. — Entamoeba from Dipteron Larva 474 Harvey, Ethel Browne — Study of Noctiluca 475 CONTENTS. XIX I'AGE ToLOSANi, Olga — Cycle of Monocydis michaelsem 475 Crawley, Howard — Sexual Stages of Sarcocystis muris 175 Crawley, Howard — Zoological Position of Sarcoxporidia 476 Krempf, Armand — New Hssmoijregarine Man 478 HoGUE, Mary J. — Effect of Media of Diff'erent Densities on the Shape of Amoehse.. .i92 CaAVMAN, ¥nE-DEmcK^Foraminifera from South African Upper Cretaceous .. .. 59J CusiiMAN, J. A. — North Pacific Foraminifera 593 GooDBY,T., & A. W.WEhi,mG— Entamozba gingivalis from Buman Mouth .. .. 593 „ New Trichomoitad from the Human Mouth 593 SwELLENGUEBEL, N. H. — Blastocystis homifiis , 594 Hance, Egbert T. — Eace of Paramecium with Extra Contractile Vacuoles . . . . 594 Shumwav, Waldo — Effect of Thyroid Diet on Paramecium 564 Mast, S. O. — Beactions to Colours 565 Zclueta, Antonio DE — Reproduction of Dinenympha gracilis Leidy 596 Ikeda, IwATi — Neil) Astomatous Ciliate 596 Mayor, J. W. — Sporozoa from Fishes 596 h 2 XX CONTKNTS. BOTANY. GENERAL., Including- the Anatomy and Physiology of Seed Plants. Cytology, Including- Cell-contents. PAGE Gdilliermond, A. — Origin of Chromoplasts a7id Pigment-formation „. .. • 231 Gtjilltekmond, A. — Chondriomes of the Tulip 402 Haas, A. R. — Beaction of Plant Protoplasm 597 Hill, J. B. — Staining of Microscoinc Organisms 597 Structure and. Development. Veg-etative. Lloyd, F. E. — Abscission in Mirahilis 136 Baker, R. T. — Australian'^ Grey Mangrove" 136 Roberts, Edith A. — Epidermal Cells of Boots .- 231 Daniel, J. — Concentric Xylem in DicoUjledons , .. .. 232 Hutchinson, A. H. — Morphology of Keteleeria 597 Reed, E. L. — Leaf Nectaries of Gossypium 598 Daniel, L. — Wounding and Regeneration of Plants .. .. 598 Stobek, J. P. — Summer and Winter Leaves 599 Keproductive. Barthelat, G. — Floral Pedicel of Mesembryanthemum 137 GooDSPEED, T. H. — Parthenogenesis, Parthenocarpy, and Phenospermy in Nicotiana 137 Vuillemin, P. — Anomalies in Linaria , 138 Baranow, P. — Embryo-sac Development 232 "Wallis, T. E. — Structure of Pepper 233 Sax, K. — Fertilization in Fritillaria pudica 312 DuPLER, A. W. — Gametophytes of Taxus canadensis 599 Wenigeb, W. — Embryogeny in Euphorbia 600 Physiolog-y. Nutrition and Growth. Kenoyer, L. A. — Environment and Nectar Secretion 600 Irritability. Hooker, Henry D. — Mechanism of Movement in Drosera rotundifolia 600 General. Surface, F. M. — Inheritance of Characters in Oat-Breeding 403 CONTENTS. XXI CRYPTOGAMS. Pteridophyta. I'AUK Farwell, 0. A. — H/ppochaste in North America 138 HiERONTMUS, G. — Vittaria and Antrophyum 139 Gwynne-Vaughan, D. T. — Anatomy of Leaf in Osmumlaceie 23'1 „ „ CliinbiiKj Davallias and the Petiole of Lygodium .. .. 231 Sampson, K. — Prothallus of Phijlloghssum 235 Bower, F. O. — Aciostifihoid Ferns 312 Datie, R. C, — Leaf-trace in Pinnate Leaves of Ferns 313 Chamberlain, 0. J. — Lycopodium 'prothallia from New Zealand 314 Spessard, E. A. — Lycopodium piothallia in America 314 Christenben, C. — Maxonia, a New Genus . . 315 EosENBUEGH, 0. R. W. K. VAN Aldekwebelt VAN — Amhoina Pteridophyta .. .. 315 CoPELAND, E. B. — Hawaiian Ferns .. ., 315 RosENDAHL, H. v., & C. Christensen — Madagascar Fems 315 HOLLICK, A. — Fossil Fern Monstrosity 403 Graves, E. W. — Trichomanes Petersii 403 BERRyj E. W. — New Goniopteris from Middle Eocene 479 RosENDAHL, H. V. — Lycopodiaceas of Sivcden 479 Butters, F. K. — New Investigations of Athyrium and Botrychium 601 KuMMERLE. J. B. — Systematic Significance of the Fern-spore 601 „ Lonchitis ., , 602 HiERONTMOUS, G. — Coniogrumme 602 Zs.vK, Z. — Botrychium Lunaria 603 Bastin, S. L. — British Ferns 603 CoPELAND, E. B. — New Ferns from Borneo 603 Bryophyta. Bkistol, B. M. — Besting Moss-protoncma 139 Kessler, B. — Ecology of Mosses 139 Janzen, P. — Moss-calyptra ivith Stomata 140 Hill, E. J. — Fossomhronia crispula in Indiana 140 Wheldon, J. A. — Fissidens 141 Hagen, I. — Psilopilum cavifolium 141 Roth, G. — Exotic 3Iosses 141 Schifpner, V. — Dalmatian Liverworts 141 Herzog, T. — Neiv Mosses from East Asia and South America 142 ,, Bryophyta of Bolivia 142 Kavina, K. — Australian Sphaijnaceai 143 Okamuea, S. — Japanese Bryophyta 143 Dunham, Elizabeth Marie — Guide to Mot ses J 43 Dixon, H. N. — Mnium antiquorum 235 Haynes, Caroline C. — Drepanolejeunea hidens .. .. .. 236 Dixon, H. N. — Bryological Notes .. .. 236 Nicholson, W. E. — Hepatics in West Cornwall .. .. 236 Grout, A. J. — Fossil Camptothecium 315 Evans, A. W. — North American Hepatiac 316 CouTiNHO, A. X. P. — Portuguese Hepaticai 316 By Asa, A. W .—Jlerherta 403 XXU CONTENTS. PAGE Howe, BI. A . — Riccia in North America 404 Yasuda, A. — Flagiothecium 404 Wheldon, J. A. — Synopsis of European Sphagna 404 Ingham, W. — British Mosses 405 Lazaro e Ibiza, B. — Spanish Bryophytes 405 Bkyan, G. S. — Development of Archegonium in Catharinea 479 Allen, C. E. — Spermatogenesis of Poly trichumjnniperinnm 480 Fkye, T. C. — Illustrated Key to Ditrichaceie 481 Rodway, L. — Tasmanian nepaticss ,.. .. 481 „ New Tasmanian Bryophyta 481 Williams, R. S. — Philippine Mosses 481 MiJLLER, K. — Structural Adaptations in Eepaticm 603 Kbiegeh, W. — Duration of Sporogonial Development in Mosses 604 Allen, 0. E. — Spore Mother-cells of Catharinxa 605 Gyorffy, I. — Pleurozygodon sibiricum 605 BfLOTHERVSjY. ¥.— Mosses of Amboina 605 Thallophyta. Algae. Fritsch,F. E.,& F. RiEH— Fresh-water Algx 143 Hodgetts, W. J. — Dicranochaete reniformis 144 Acton, Elizabeth — Neto Penetrating Alga 144 'iivsTEDT,F.—Tetracyclus 144 ToRKA, V. — Diatoms from the Province of Posen 145 Netjenstein, H. v. — Structure of the Nucleus in Algse and its Systematic Significa- tion ■ 145 Lautebborn, R. — Sapropelic Algx 145 Pevalek, J. — Algse of North Croatia 146 t»MiTH, G. M. — Alggi of Wisconsin Lakes 146 HuRD, Annie M. — Codium mucronatum 146 Schiller, J. — Remarkable Symbiotic Algae 147 Kylix, H.^ — Development of Griffithsia coraUina 147 Mazza, A. — Oceanic Algss 147 BbROESETE,MATii.T>E— Sexuality of the Basidiomycetes 616 HoTSO^, J. W.~Bulbiferous Fungi 616 Maire, Rene — Poisonous Fungi of Algiers 616 „ North African Fungi 616 PoTTEU, M. C— Economic Mycology 617 'RvM^iOi.T), Cahoi^ise— Effects of Dyes on Endothia parasitica 617 Renon, Louis — Vitality of Fungus Spores .. 617 l^iv>Gy/AY,G.S.— Methods of Differentiating Fungi in Host-cells 617 GBOVE,^y.'B.—Mycological Notes 618 Fragosa, EoMUALDO Gonsalez— iS^rtrnM M/cro/Mngj 618 WORMALD, H., & others— Dtj>eflses o/P/aw<8 618 Weir, J. R. — Wood-destroying Fungi 621 Pethybridge, G. H., & H. A. Lafferty— Dri/-ro'e saw them moving little arms or tentacles, the number of which we could not count, our magnifyer not enlarging sufficiently. We placed a few fronds of the Polyzoa in the watch-glass and observed them carefully ; many of these little animals appeared clinging to the orifices of the chambers {polypidoms) ; were they engaged devouring the Polyps ? this is what I presume. " I have no doubt that if we had had a better instrument I should have been able to observe all parts of these little animals, and to draw them, but what is deferred is not relinquished ; they are sufiiciently numerous to encourage the hope that I can find them whenever 1 want them. When you return to La Rochelle I shall ask you to obtain for me the loan of the Microscope of the Cabinet d'Histoire Naturelle ; 1 am so accustomed to using this instrument that I shall soon be in a position to send exact drawings of these different kinds of little animals, which, I think, are not yet known. I have many in alcohol, but they contract in it ; I will risk sending some in the case which I am preparing for the Museum, with their drawings. " If you see nothing against it, you can announce this to M. de Blainville and tell him I count on sending him this spring a notice of these animals, with the drawings of those which I shall have been able to observe." There are many points of great interest about this letter, to some of which we shall refer later. It proves conclusively, how- ever, that the study of the Foraminifero, originated with the elder d'Orbigny, who directed the earlier studies of his son, as the latter fully acknowledges in his " Tableau Methodique." - It throws light also upon the imperfect means of observation at his disposal 1 Mai-silly is a small village on the Anse de rAiguilloii, which one passes in going from La Rochelle to Esnandes. It has, like Esnandes, a very remarkable iortified church-tower of the Gothic period (restored in 1608). ■' I., p. 123. 8 Transactions of the Societij. at this period, a difficulty which was later removed by the loan of the Microscope to which I shall have occasion to refer in another place (see p. 10). This instrument was at his service after the migration of the family to La Eochelle, which took place in 1820, as above related/ Once established at La Eochelle, the elder Orbigny was more closely associated with Fleuriau de Bellevue, and whilst still practising medicine he devoted himself to a study of the flora and fauna, both zoological and geological, of the district, and it is due to the efforts of these two ardent naturalists that the first local Museum in France, that of La Eochelle, was founded in 1835.^ He corresponded with naturalists in Paris and elsewhere, furnishing them with local specimens. Latreille, in his Eeport on the " Tableau Me'thodique " (vide post, p. 20), takes occasion to say of Alcide, that " he was influenced by the example, the encouragement and the instructions of a father who, not less expert in his profession of Medicine than in Natural History, was entrusted with the organization of the Museum of La Eochelle . . . and who earned by his services the title of Correspondent of the Natural History Museum of Paris, and with whom your Eeporting Commissioner has for a long time been in communication on matters relating to the progress of entomology." Both Alcide and his brother Charles accompanied their father in his scientific rambles, and as Fischer has observed, " they thus learned to seek and observe, and their precocious talent as draughtsmen found occasion for its exercise at every step." ^ The elder d'Orbigny died at La Eochelle in 1856, aged eighty-six ; his biographer says of him, " Poet, musician, agriculturist, doctor, naturalist, he was in himself a living encyclopaedia. If, less anxious to embrace all knowledge, he had specialized more, he would have without doubt gained for himself a still greater celebrity." * Charles d'Orbigny, the younger brother by four years of Alcide, born like him at Coueron (December 12, 1806), became a physician in Paris, where he was a medical student during the cholera epidemic of 1832; but in 1833 he published a " Tableau synoptique du regne vegetal applique a la medecine," a work almost aa ambitious for a youth of twenty-seven, as was his brother's " Tableau Methodique " for a youth of twenty-three. He became assistant to Cordier, Professor of Geology at the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, and published many works that do not concern us. His magnum opus was the "Dictionnaire universelle d'Histoire Naturelle " in sixteen volumes, to which all the leading naturalists of the day contributed, and in which Alcide d'Orbigny wrote an important article on the Foraminifera ' XXIV., p. 355. "- XXI., p. 434 ; XXIV., p. 355. 3 XXI., p. 434. * XXII., p. 2. JOURN. R, MICR. SOC. 1917. PI. I u ■t-t 03 U I Q. E l/> o o V) '. Tlie position and the form / of the Syphons are indicated upon them by black lines or spots." We learn from this label that the whole plan or catalogue of the four instalments was settled as early as 1823, that d'Orbigny was already in correspondence with Baron de Fei'ussac at the Museum de I'Histoire N'atu]'elle, and that the title of his work was already determined upon ; but there is no indication at this date that the " Tableau Methodique " was to be merely the " Prodrome" of a larger work (^oide post, p 19). His use of the word " Syphons " would seem to denote that he had not at this date separated the Foraminifera (Asiphoniferes) from the Siphoni- feres. He tells us ^ that he issued the first instalment at the end of four years of work (whicli gives us, as above related, the year 1819 for the commencement of his studies), and that from that moment he " devoted himself more particularly to the study of the relationships on which to found their classification, regard being had to the work of previous workers on the same subject." The fact that the third and fourth instalments are fully accounted for in the " Tableau Methodique " proves that they were ready for issue when his work was read before the Academic des Sciences (November 7, 1825) ; therefore, as Parker and Jones properly observe :^ " the Models having been published in 1823, the type- forms represented by them take precedence of identical forms subsequently ])ublished in the ' Tableau Methodique ' or else- where." (See Appendix C.) This, however, aji-plies, sensurestricto, to the first and second instalments only. The original Models cut by the hand of d'(^rbigny, from which the matrices were made for multiplying them, are in the cabinet of the Director of the Musee de Paleontologie in Paris. They are apparently cut in a brown gypsum, and are still covered with traces of the white plaster used for making the moulds. They were presented to the Museum about the year 1894 by his son Henri d'Orbigny, who was an entomologist, and who died in Paris in 1915. (See Appendix A.) The boxes in which the Models were sent out were divided into thirty compartments, twenty-five occupied by the Models, » I., p. 124. 2 XVIII., p. 430. 16 Transactions of the Society. and the remaining five by the '•' 3 a 4 coquilles en outre " referred to on the label. These are not in "glass boxes "in the set preserved as it was received by La Eochelle, but are the coarse brown paper slips above referred to, on which are heavily gummed a few of the actual shells, generally of the larger and more robust forms, represented by Models in the particular instalment/ As promised on the label, with the fourth instalment, in 1826, each subscriber received a pamphlet of 150 pages, entitled ^ " Tableau Methodique de la Classe des Cephalopodes par M. Dessa- lines d'Orbigny (Extraitdes Annales des Sciences Naturelles, etc.)," Paris, Chez Crochard. Cloitre St. Benoit, No. 16, 1826. The plates are sometimes folded to the size of the pamphlet, and at page 148 commences a list headed " Explication des Modeles." ^ Messrs. Parker and Jones in the year 1865 made a most elaborate and painstaking study of these Models, discussing the identities of each one in turn and giving excellent outline repre- sentations of them (see Bibl. XIX.). To this they appended a Table, in which d'Orbigny's original name is given, and, in juxtaposition, corrected names, showing where d'Orbigny's nomenclature required to be altered after reference to other authorities.* There remains to be mentioned a mysterious " Fifth instal- ment," which is mentioned frequently in the four monographs published by d'Orbigny in 1839-40, and in the Vienna mono- graph of 1846. It is first announced in the Cuba monograph, and thereafter as if it had been issued, but in spite of diligent inquiry I have not been able to trace the existence of any of these later Models, but it was evidently his intention to include in this instalment Models of typical species instituted by him in those later works. I have noted fifteen Models thus referred to, of which a list will be found with the requisite references in Appendix D. * I possess, by the courtesy of the Administration of the Mus6e Fleuriau de Bellevue, two or three of these brown paper mounts, and a few samples of the material from the bottles of d'Orbigny pere. - This title is taken from a copy preserved in the- Department of Conchology at the British Museum (Natural History). (See, however, Appendix C.) •* The Models were all recast and reissued as a second edition en bloc in 1843. In the pamphlet accompanying them the whole of d'Orbigny's original introduc- tion is suppressed, and it consists of merely a short introductory paragraph followed by the list from p. 148 of the original pamphlet (24 pp.). The title is : — " Modeles de Poraminiferes vivans et fossiles, par Alcide d'Orbigny. Deuxi^me edition. Paris, 1843. Cosson." It will be remembered that F^lix Dujardin had " happened " since the first issue. * They also append a list and description of the IModels issued in 1861-5 by Reuss and Fritsch with a view to supplementing or completing the d'Orbigny Models. These Models have not received extended recognition among Ehizo- podists. JOURN. R. MICR. SOC. 1917. PI. III. 1/) 3 c o u x: H (/I cu c TO c LJJ Q. Alcide d'Orhigny. 17 III. — d'Okbigny's Generic and Specific Names. The student of the Foraminifera whose reasonable curiosity — for it frequently must amount to no more than that — prompts him to endeavour to identify the d'Orbignyan species, can hardly fail to be appalled by the riotous profusion of his specific names, many of them nomina nuda, now fortunately to a great extent alisorbed into the synonymies of later-named species. It is far from uninteresting, however, to examine into the circumstances which led to this wild orgy of nomenclature, especially having regard to the fact that on more than one occasion he severely reproved the multiplication of names regardless of existing nomenclatures.^ It must be borne in mind that one of the foundations of his scientific creed was that the successive " animalization " of the terrestrial sphere resulted from twenty-six distinct creations, and that " when he found two fossil shells in two different strata he often separated them into two different species without sufficient motive." '^ He says himself, " If I find in Nature forms which after the most scrupulous analysis present no appreciable differ- ence, though they are separated by an interval of a few strata . . . I should not hesitate for an instant in regarding them as distinct." ^ But he carried it even further than this. He was so convinced that widely separated localities, e.g. the West Indies and the Mediterranean, were characterized by entirely different fauna that he had no scruple in giving to the same shell two different names for no other reason than that they came from such widely separated regions. It is thus that in the various monographs of d'Orbigny almost every species is described as new, with a new specific name.* It is hardly surprising, therefore, that the supply of specific names was sometimes hardly equal to the demand. His biographer Gaudry points out that " when anyone sent him new species it was his custom to dedicate one of them to him. People were glad to see their names perpetuated by that of one of ' Thus in the Vienna monograph (XII., p. 143) he condemns Bosc for making two new species of Aiveolitei (G. Bosc, " Sur deux nouveUes Alveolites." Bull. Seances Soc. Philomathioue, No. 61, iii. (Paris, 1811) p. 99). He says that " unfortunately at this period, little recking of the works of their predecessors, and particularly of names already given, the authors, as if wantonly, confused matters by giving new names." - XVI., p. 836. ^ XV., p. xxxviii. He goes on to say that in such cases " we must assume that it is our methods of distinction which are insufficient for finding the differences between these two species, from widely-separated epochs, which resemble one another." ^ There are scores of such instances : to name only one, having found Cristel- laria {Eobulina) calcar (I., p. 289, No. 12) in the Vienna material, he re-named it Bobulina echinata (XII., p. 100). Feb. 21st, 1917 . c 18 Transactions of the Society. Nature's products, and there was mingled with this feeling of innocent vanity the noble desire to contribute to the progress of science." ^ In referring to the services rendered to science by workers who thus contributed to his collections d'Orbigny observes somewhat naively : " It is on this account that I have with pleasure introduced into science, as an ineffaceable testimony of my gratitude, the names of many modest scientists whose perse- vering and indefatigable researches have so powerfully contributed to guaranteeing the results of my own." ^ He changed his own names for remarkably insufficient reasons, witness his Cristellaria (Bohulioia) cultrata from the Adriatic,^ which became canariensis from the Canary Islands,* and suh- cidtrata from South America, it being stated in a footnote that the name " had to be changed because he had found the species in Patagonia " ; and also his Pulninulina {Rotalina) trunca- tulinoides from the Canaries,^ which became micheliniana from the Paris chalk ^ (see, however, the note on the Paris Chalk Memoir, p. 54). In the Cuba Memoir, on the same principle, he changed the name of Planorbidina mediterranensis to P. vulgaris on the ground that the species was to be found elsewhere than in the Mediterranean.^ From what has preceded it will be readily appreciated that the curious inquirer into d'Orbignyan nomenclature is apt to find himself hopelessly lost, but the inquiry may almost be described as a hobby by itself, and it is far from uninteresting to follow the advice of Captain Cuttle when opportunity serves for the identifi- cation of these persons, apart from the genera and species to which d'Orbigny gave their names. I plead guilty to having indulged in this desultory amusement, and I have embodied a selection of my notes made over an extended period in Appendix E. Latreille, in his " Eapport " upon the " Tableau Methodic[ue," expresses the regret (p. 25) that d'Orbigny did not add " a Linnean phrase to his trivial and specific names," but he rightly observes that the indications which these would have furnished were reserved for d'Orbigny's " grand ouvrage " — ^^which never saw the lioht, save as is hereinafter set forth. ^ » XVI., p. 831. " XV., p. Ivii. In his " Mollusques vivants et fossiles "he says, " Je citei;fi,i toujours avec le plus grand soiu les personnes auxquelles je devrai les moindres communications, afin de faire connaitre leur collaboration " (XL, p. 12). 3 I., p. 287, No. 1. " VIII., p. 127. ' VIII., p. 132. ^ X., p. 31. This being a common form of world-wide distribution, the con- fusion is a serious one, but the two names are now understood by all Rhizopodists to be interchangeable, viicheliniana having been very universally used for many years, and by Brady in the ' Challenger ' Monograph (see Brady, op. cit. , p. 695, and XXVI. (1909) p. 685). ' VII., p. 85 (note). * He adds prophetically that "circumstances seem to adjourn the execution of this work to a far distant time," announcing the appointment of d'Orbigny to the post of naturaliste-voyageur to the museum and his impending departure for South America. Alcide d'Orligny. 19 IV. — The "Tableau Methodique de la Classe des Cephalopodes." It is a matter of great interest and importance to note, as one cannot help doing as lie peruses not only the "Tableau Methodique," but also d'Orbigny's later works and the observations made upon them by his contemporaries, how it came about that this young naturalist of twenty-three years of age came to publish a work which was admittedly incomplete, which was, as he himself repeatedly emphasized, merely the " Prodrome " of a larger work destined never to be completed, but which has nevertheless remained the foundation of the modern study of the F'oraminifera. That the " Tableau Methodique " was no more than a pre- liminary publication is made clear by his own statements contained therein and in his later works. He alludes to it as a " Prodrome " in a note to the original title, and elsewhere in the " Tableau." ^ In the Cuba Memoir he first published diagnoses of his genera, not only of those appearing in that work, and in the " Tableau," but of all which were known to him at that time. He says : " I give here a Genera and a resumd of the general observations which I propose to publish later in a special work on the Foraminifera, both recent and fossil, upon which I have been occupied for many years," ^ and in the same work, referring to Deshayes' " Mcmoire sur les Alveolines," ^ in which five of his species with their synonymies are given, saying that Deshayes had elaborated what he had only been able to give " in an abbre- viated form such as was rendered necessary by the limits which I was obliged to set to my ' Tableau,' not being able then to publish my general work on the Foraminifera." ^ In his Memoir on the Cretaceous Foraminifera of the Paris Basin he adds : " Unfortunately my departure for America prevented my pub- lishing the entire work, and Prodrome alone appeared." ^ De Ferussac, in his Introduction to the " Tableau," speaks of " the great work already in an advanced state which he is preparing upon these little shells," and says that he has already completed nearly half of the plates for this great work. It would appear that de Ferussac's original intention was that the complete work should form part of the " Suite des Monographies de toutes les classes des Cephalopodes," which he had in contemplation.^ D'Orbigny in the "Tableau" tells us that "the history of the ISTummulites is too confused for me to give here a complete list 1 I., pp. 96, 121, 132. 2 VII., p. xii. ■' Ann. Sci. Nat., xiv. (1828), pp. 225-236. ' VII., p. 70. " X., p. 2. '^ I., pp. 118, 119, 120, 121. c 2 20 Transactions of the Society. of species," and he reserves further cominent " for the general work." 1 What, then, is the explanation of this preliminary publication ? We may gather it from d'Orbigny's later works, and from the " Rapport " upon the " Tableau Methodique " made by Latreille,^ in which, thougli it was made after the presentation of the " Prodrome," the work of d'Orbigny is described as " unpublished." D'Orbigny tells us, in his Introduction to de Ferussac's mainly poaihumous work on the " Cephalopodes Acetabuliferes," ^ that Pleuriau de Bellevue took the drawings he had made of Mollusca, Eadiata, and Cephalopoda (i.e. Foraminifera) to Paris with him in 1822, and showed them to Cuvier, Brongiiiart, de F^russac, and other scientists, and this would appear to have constituted his first introduction to de Ferussac* We have seen that d'Orbigny was in correspondence with him in 1823. (See Appendix C, p. 90.) Now, de Ferussac had published in 1822 a work in which he had dealt with the hitherto noted species of Foraminifera among the Cephalopod Mollusca,^ and further confusion had been intro- duced in the same year by Lamarck in the seventh volume of his " Animaux sans Vertebres." " De Ferussac tells us, in his Intro- duction to the " Tableau," that as he knew in 1822 that d'Orbigny 1 I., p. 295 (note). lu the last writings of d'Orbigny on the Foraminifera he still referred to the Tableau as " le prodrome d'un ouvrage g6u6ral sur ces etres " (XIII., p. 663). 2 "Rapport fait a I'Acad^mie des Sciences de Paris (Stance du 7e Decembre, 1825), au nom d'une commission compos^e de MM. Geoff roy-St. Hilaire et Latreille sur un ouvrage inedite de M. A. Dessalines d'Orbigny, ayaut pour titre Tableau M6thodique de la Classe des Cephalopodes. M. Latreille, Rapporteur." Paris, Imprim^rie de Mme. Veuve Agasse, Rue des Poitevins, No. 6. 1825, i and 27 pp. (reprint). * See note 1 on p. 42. * He repeats in this place that he was only enabled to publish a " Prodrome," but that he has now published in Ramon de la Sagra's work on Cuba *' a complete work in which I have established my general views." He also refers to the Cauar}" Islands, South American, and Paris Chalk papers, which dates this Introduction as being written soon after 1840. ^ " Tableaux systematiques des Animaux moUusques, classes en Families naturelles dans lesquels on a etabli la concordance de tous les systemes suivi d'un Prodrome G6n6ral pour tous les MoUusques terrestres et fluviatiles vivants o\\ fossiles" (Paris and London, n.d. 1822) {nide Sherborn). My copy bears a con- temporary MS. date 1821, which is probably correct. In this work, which is of importance to us as being in one sense responsible for the publication of the "Tableau Methodique" in 1826, the Foraminifera are tabulated (p. xviii) as follows : — Orthoceres (Nodosaire). Lituites (Canope, Lituole, Spiroline, Spirule). Discorbes (Cristellaire, Discorbe, Rotalie). Nautiles (Lenticuline, Nautile). Camerines (Siderolite, Nvunmule, Orbiculine, M^lonie). Milioles (Rimuline, Miliole, Globulite, Anthuse). These are all included in the first Order (Decapodes) of Class I. (Cephalopodes). '* J. P. B. A. de M. de Lamarck, "Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres," ii. (Paris, 1816), pp. 193-197; vii. (Paris, 1822), pp. 580-632. 2nd ed., Paris, 1835-45, 11 vol. Alcide d'Orhigny. 21 was at work upon the group, he had only attempted to "fill a gap," which had always been an obstacle to systematic work on the Cephalopoda.^ His conclusions had been erroneous, as he himself recognizes. The enthusiastic labours of d'Orbigny seemed to him to afford an opportunity to correct and explain whilst minimising his errors, and accordingly we learn from d'Orbigny that " M. de Ferussac in order that he might have an opportunity of revising his own work earnestly begged me to allow him to present my work to the Academie des Sciences, and he preceded it by a critical Introduction on the methods of classification which had been established before me, an Introduction in which he entirely accepted my views." ^ It may be observed that at this time (1839) d'Orbigny was a gooil deal annoyed with de Ferussac (see post, p. 42). Labonnefon observes that " the high opinion that de Ferussac had formed of Alcide d'Orbigny caused him to invite him to collaborate in various works which he had in view, a collaboration which was most useful by reason of the observa- tions, and perhaps more so by reason of the drawings, which had been made by the young naturalist " ; ^ and Latreille remarks that " Baron de Ferussac had called d'Orbigny to him, in order that he might be helped by him (d'Orbigny) in his works, to facilitate the publication of those which were the special domain of our young naturalist and thus to contribute to his advancement." * He tells us himself,^ " M. de Ferussac caused me to come to Paris at the commencement of 1824. . . . Being kindly received by the scientists of our capital I was enabled to follow my favourite pursuits in an especial manner, and to study under their dii'ection a science which became ever more and more dear to me." We learn from de Ferussac that within seven months after his arrival he had completed the " Tableau Methodique," and finished the plates to the point at which they are practically left at the present day.® Latreille considered that de Ferussac had taken an unfair advantage of the opportunity thus afforded to him to criticize his opponents and to make a stalking-hoise of young d'Orbigny, and he devotes several pages of his Eeport (pp. 9-13) to emphasizing this opinion, pages for which he takes occasion to remark he is solely responsible, exonerating his fellow-Commissioner, G-eoffroy- St. Hilaire, who might have appended a " minority report." Latreille remarks that " M. de Ferussac, in giving you his historical summary, would appear to have sought to place himself in the 1 I., p. 104. = VII., p. xxii. •* XXII., p. 3. ^ Latreille, "Rapport," p. 5. ^ "Voyage dans I'Anierique Meridiouale," i. (1834), p. 3. See also his Intro- duction to de Ferussac' s " C^phalopodes Acetabuliferes '' already quoted (see note 1, p. 42). " He says, " hardly seven months have passed since his arrival in Paris, and M. d'Orbigny has placed himself in a position to publish his Prodrome, and he has finished nearly half the plates for his great work." (I., p. 119.) These are the seventy odd finished " Planches " referred to infra. 22 Transactions of the Society. position of your Eeporters, to anticipate their judgment, and in a word to spare tliem the trouble of drawing up a Eeport. Enlightened by the observations of M. d'Orbigny it has been easy for him to recognize and appreciate the errors into which he (and others) had fallen. He has thus been enabled to arm himself with criticism, and use it more or less severely against his rivals, to anticipate the criticisms with which he himself might be attacked, to try to parry the blows which might be directed against him, and to present his own method under the most favourable aspect." He does not spare de Feriissac, who had attacked his own work " Families naturelles du regne animal," in consequence of which Geoffroy-St. Hilaire had foi^mally and persistently refused to accept responsibility for these strictures/ He asks to be allowed to reply to de Ferussac, " it being understood that M. Geoffroy-St. Hilaire incurs no responsibility in this matter." Latreille repeats the dictum of de Ferussac that " the Order of the Foraminifera ... is a creation of M. d'Orbigny." ^ I cannot avoid the reflection that in all branches of Science and Art instances are not lacking in which the work of a young and com- paratively unknown worker has been highly extolled, not so much perhaps as a tribute to its intrinsic merit, as to serve as an oppor- tunity of minimizing the work of already eminent and more established labourers in the same field. Latreille points out that seventy-three plates accompany the work ; we shall see (p. 36) that this is roughly speaking the number of the completed " Planches inedites " as they remain to-day, and he adds that d'Orbigny's work should have been published as a Memoir of the Academic des Sciences, if the author, in order to hasten its publi- cation, had not given it to the Annales des Sciences Naturelles.^ That the publication was hurried is clear from the circum- stances in which it appeared. D'Orbigny left France for South America on July 29, 1826, when the preparations for his journey ' He adds, " Although forced to be both judge and party, as often occurs to us in correlative work, I shall endeavour always to comport myself according to these rules, viz., the abnegation of all personal interest, impartial deference to justice, honour and respect for the scientific body of which it is my glory to be a member." This portion of the "Rapport" is a remarkably able piece of argument and special pleading. " Latreille of course had the published " Tableau " before him, it having been presented a month previously. ^ Latreille is of course merely writing a review of the work, but it is unfor- tunate that he lends his authority to some of d'Orbigny's sensational errors. For instance, he says that the Foraminifera devour Polyzoa. This is clearly an echo from Charles d'Orbigny's letter of 1819 (see p. 7), in which he suggests that the Foraminifera clinging to the orifices of the polypidoms of the Polyzoa they were examining were devouring them. He takes it, too, on trust from d'Orbigny that the shores of France were poorly provided with Foraminifera as compared with the Adriatic. But he calls attention to the anticipation by d'Orbigny of Ehrenberg's observations upon the profusion of Foraminifera in the Chalk and the Jurassic calcareous beds. Alcide cVOrhigny. 23 had already been in progress for several months.^ He had received the appointment, as we shall see later (p. 48), in November, 1825, and, as I have already said, he was described in December as " Naturaliste-voyageur du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle." De Ferussac speaks, in introducing his " Corrections " to the " Tableau " in 1827 (see p. 29), of " the precipitation with which he had to publish his work at the moment when he was embarking for the great voyage which he is at this moment engaged upon in South America." The " Tableau Methodique " was presented to the Academie des Sciences on November 7, 1825, and this is the date which d'Orbigny always assigned to the species named therein.^ We may usefully glance over de Ferussac's " Introduction " which has aroused so much controversy. After referring to the uncertainty which existed as to the nature of these organisms, and their internal structure, he points out that d'Orbigny had made out that in many instances the shell was internal, " entirely enclosed in the body or ' sac ' of the cephalopod, or entirely covered by a membrane or tunic, and that the animal was furnished with a great number of arms like those of Nautilus ;pompilioides " (p. 100). He records that some forms are of free habit, whilst others are sessile, and argues from this that the sessile forms cannot possess sexual organs, and that they reproduce themselves without conjuga- tion, or even egg-fertilization.^ He points out that d'Orbigny had reduced the sixty-nine genera already known to twenty- two, but that he liad added thirty- one new genera which he had himself discovered, and that before him only Lamarck and Defrance had added a few new genera b}^ direct observation of the animals (p. 104). He calls attention to the reorganization of the classifications of de Blainville and Haan, and to the separa- tion and retention of the Miliolidce as a genus of Foraminifera, removing them from their place among the Siphoniferes. He says that as the work progressed it became apparent that the " Tableau " must include the whole of the Cephalopoda, and net only the Foraminifera as had been the original intention, " in order to direct the attention of naturalists to the families which are most in need of study " (p. 115). He says rightly that the work of d'Orbigny had resulted in the demolition of the whole substructure which had been instituted before him with the figures of de Montfort and the originals he had adopted. He states that he has " carefully verified all d'Orbigny's observations, and recognized by microscopical examination the differences 1 XXIL, p. 5; XVI., p. 817. Fischer says that he started on June 21 (XXI., p. 437). - XV., passim. See post pp. 61 and 65, note 1. ^ Both de Ferussac and d'Orbigny seemed to regard attached and free Fora- minifera as zoologically distinct (I., pp. 101 and 245). 24 Transactions of the Society. observable in these shells and the correctness of the characters upon which the classification of d'Orbigny is founded " (p. 119). He calls attention to the fact that the scope of d'Orbigny's work is not merely the establishment of a new genus of Cephalopoda, nor the discovery of " a few new species established upon insignifi- cant differences, such as are proposed every day, so great appears to certain minds the glory of attributing new names ; it is the establishment of a new Order . . . which is freed from the chaos in which it was plunged," and that here we have thirty-five {sic) new genera and nearly 300 species newly discovered and established after a comparative examination of all the others (pp. 119-120). So much for de Ferussac. D'Orbigny himself, in his own Intro- ductory pages to the section devoted to the Siphoniferes and larger Cephalopoda (p. 121), points out that his projected work, " of which I present to-day the Prodrome," will comprise the detailed description and drawings from several aspects of over 600 microscopic Cephalopoda, the results of six years' assiduous study. He relates his early difficulties with the microscopic forms, and how they were confused and confounded with the larger species ; he relates tlie obstacles he had to encounter, and " the optical illusions which deceived him as to the real structure of the objects which he had under observation." Sometimes, he says, he examined the same species twenty times before he could conceive how the tiny body managed to grow and retain the same form throughout its life-stages, and he pays a warm tribute to the assistance and encouragement of his father, of Fleuriau de Bellevue (see ante, p. 8), and of de Ferussac, under whose guidance, and with whose help, he had revised and finished his work (pp. 123-4). We need not pause to consider the conclusions to which he arrived for the rearrangement of the existing classifications. At this point he gives the first of those four " Tables," which are features of his works, the parts of which dealing with Foraminifera I have reproduced and compared in Appendix F. The outcome of his labours was to relegate all polythalamous Cephalopoda to a second Order, those furnished with a siphon, which he calls Siphoniferes {Si23hono%des of Haan), and a third Order {Foramini- feres) comprising " the Polythalamia without any open chamber, in which the last chamber which terminates the shell may even be convex, and which have no siphon, having instead of it merely one or more little apertures which serve for communication between the chambers themselves " (p. 131). He then enumerates very correctly the fundamental differences, even to the texture and material of the shells, which distinguish the Foraminifera from the larger Cephalopoda. These differences were so fully appreciated by d'Orbigny, and his observations upon them were so exact, that the diagnosis he gives in the introductory pages to his Third Order (p. 245) is JOURN. R. MICR. SOC. 1917. PI. IV. u 1 — u o (1) to O) c ra c LU > Alcide d'Orhigny. 25 absolutely staggering. It is as follows : " Tbe Cephalopoda of this Order have a bursiform body, in the posterior portion of which the shell is enclosed ; this body is sometimes of great volume compared with that of the head, to which it serves as a refuge in moments of danger, enclosing it almost entirely in the anterior folds of the skin. This head is very small, slightly, or not at all, distinct from the body, and terminated by numerous tentacles, which are disposed in several rows round the mouth, which is central." At such a description of a Foraminifer as this the brain of the modern Khizopodist reels, and his senses gape! He then calls attention to the fact that certain species are sessile or attached, in which case the shell is separated from its host by " a portion of the ' sac ' which is interposed between the shell and the foreign body which serves it as a support. This privation of locomotion leads us to presume that in these Mollusca the two sexes are combined in the same individual." It seemed to d'Orbigny that the attachment of the body to the shell was slight, that when it is touched after death it separates from it, decomposing rapidly, leaving only in the shell a coloured liquor which fills all the cavities of the chambers, the colour- density increasing from the first to the last chamber. D'Orbigny clearly gathered this from the vast masses of Nonionina depressula (F. & M.), which compose 99*9 p.c. of the Foraminifera of Esnandes. A large proportion of tliese shells, which are extremely hyaline, are found, in the dried material, to be full of dark orange protoplasm, and I observed on the spot that whole patches of the mud-surface were coloured orange by the masses of living speci- mens of the species, a phenomenon which has also been recorded from the mud of the Dee Estuary by the late J. D. Siddall.^ D'Orbigny goes on to point out that the animals are not tough, ])ut decompose immediately after death, " which is brought about by the least change in their habitual condition, and which makes them very difficult to observe " (p. 246). This is not the case. On the contrary, we have had occasion to remark how tenacious of life these organisms really are. They can be kept for an indefinite length of time in tanks of all sizes, and can be made to flourish in artificial sea-water, and in sea-water modified in various ways for purposes of experiment.- D'Orbigny observes further that they are greedy eaters of Polyzoa,^ that they exist in myriads on all ' J. D. SicMall, " Report on the Foraminifera of the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee," Proc. Liverpool Lit. and Phil. Soc, xL, Appendix, p. 45. See also "The Foraminifera of the River Dee," Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, xvii. (1876) p. 40. Schlumberger has dealt with this question of coloration of the proto- plasm in the Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, 1882, No. 136, p. 42. " See the observations of Dujardin, j^ost, p. 40. ^ See the letter of d'Orbigny pere, ante, p. 7. 26 Transactions of the Society. sea-coasts, but tliat the European coasts are poor in species and that they are very small, the sole exception being the Adriatic Sea, where the species are more varied, and of greater size. The inaccuracy of this observation is made clear below (see pp. 32, 44, 52, 56). He then goes into the question of the geological distribution of the fossil forms, showing that he had paid far more attention to these than to the living forms which swarm upon the shores adjacent to La Eochelle. He observes (p. 247) that until now only 100 species at most were well known,^ adding, " we have greatly augmented the number, since I present (in this work) between six and seven hundred very distinct species." He was much interested in their methods of growth, on the plans of which he erroneously founded his six Families, which I may as well set out once and for all in this place.^ I. Monostegues (fiova, siru/le ; aTeyr], chamber). II. Stichostegues {arlxo^, row). III. Helicostegues (eX,t|, spiral). IV. Entomostegues {evrofia, cut up). V. Enallostegues (evc\\o XII., p. XV. ^ XXVII., p. 544. Fortunately the identity of the Madagascar material was preserved when the cellars of the Musee de Pal^ontologie were flooded (see p. 13), by the attention which had been paid to it by Schlumberger. ^ " Additions et Corrections au Tableau Methodique de la Classe des C^pha- lopodes, par M. d'Orbigny. Ordre des Foraminiferes, par M. de Ferussac," in Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de Geologie. Deuxieme Section du Bulletin Universel des Sciences et de I'lndustrie, x. (1827) p. 175. 30 Transactions of the Society. departure for South America.^ But d'Orbigny did not accept this statement at all. He took the first opportunity of saying - that de Ferussac published these "pretended rectifications which I am far from adopting " unknown to him, and that he had purposely omitted the figures which de Ferussac cites as being too uncertain for admission into his system ; he points out, however, that his classification was in no way altered by them. As we shall see (p. 42) he was at this time much annoyed with de Ferussac (who had died in the previous year), for not giving him credit in his " Apercu historique sur les Cephalopodes " (Paris, 1 834) for having anticipated the discoveries of Dujardin.^ When d'Orbigny returned from South America he found that several zoologists had been taking liberties with his work, and in his Introduction to the Cuba Memoir he deals with some of them. De Blainville in his " Faunes Francaises" (Paris, 1828) had not followed his divisions, but had scattered some of d'Orbigny 's genera among his different families, not keeping the whole of the so-called microscopic Cephalopoda distinct as an Order.* Cuvier, on the other hand, separated them under the name Camerines in the second edition of his " Eegne Animal" (Paris, 1828-30),^ referring the student to the "Tableau Methodique." Eang in 1829,*' and Fischer de Waldheim in the same year,^ had adopted d'Orbigny's classification without restriction. Deshayes in 1830 ^ in the " Encyclopedie Methodique," in his article on Cephalopoda, and others, was the first zoologist to attack d'Orbigny's whole plan of classification, which he declared ^ He corrected some of d'Orbigny's misprints, e.g. Nodosaria scorpionus (I., p. 255, No. 40) = Nodosaria {Beophax of Montfort, genre 83, vol. i., p. 330) scorpiurus. (See de Ferussac's " Corrections," p. 179.) He adds, " Ajoutez a la synonymie Orthoceras scorpiurus Blainv. Malac, p. 379." The pagination of the "Tableau M^thodiqiie " in these "Corrections " is taken from one of the reprints, and there- fore differs from the original work. ■ VII., p. xxiv. ^ VII., p. xxvii. ^ De Blainville was responsible for vol. v., " MoUusques," in the " Faunes Francjaises ou Histoire natureUe generale et particuli^re des Animaux qui se trouvent en France." The work was announced for publication in ninety livraisons, of which twenty-nine only were published, without dates, between 1821 and 1828. It is difficult to work out the order and chronology of the instalments from the available copy in the British Museum. De Blainville's volume seems to constitute the eighteenth livraison, published c. 1827-8, in which the majority of the Forami- nifera are included in his third Order "Les Multilocules." He says (p. 23), " Nous disposerons les genres assez nombreux que M. d'Orbigny le fils a etablis dans cette famille d'apres la disposition des loges qui constituent la coquille, mais sans pouvoir assurer que cet ordre est natureUe." His Section I., beginning with Nodosaires, comprises most of d'Orbigny's Families ; Section II. comprises the Milioles; and Section III. the Plan\ilaires (Frondicularia). (See d'Orbigny's analysis in VII., p. xxiv.) ^ Vol. iii., p. 22. This edition was revised and augmented by P. A. Latreille. « P. S. Eang, " Manuel de I'Histoire NatureUe des MoUusques," Paris, 1829, p. 97. ' Fischer de Waldheim, in BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, i. (1829) p. 329. * Vol. i., 1827, p. 224. As to this date see Sherborn's Bibliography, sub. Lamarck. Alcide cVOrhigny. 31 was "vicious," "unnatural," "defective," and attacked d'Orbigny's genera, which, says d'Orbigny, " he considered doubtful because he did not know them, and others as wrongly based because he confused them with other distinct forms." ^ D'Orbigny and Deshayes had been warm friends, but d'Orbigny never forgave him for this attack ; he expresses his regret that Deshayes could not understand the Models, and that he had gone beyond his province of the MoUusca which he did understand, that if he had not done so " he would not have tried to upset in one day the result of six years' work upon animals quite different to any he knew," and which d'Orbigny (in 1839) clung to as being generally adopted in Europe, whilst the classification of Deshayes had not l^een followed. D'Orbigny was particularly sore upon a point upon which, as it happened, Deshayes was perfectly right, namely the close relationship, if not the identity, of Frondicularia and Flabellina. He continually returned to this point in his later works,- relying on their occurrence in different geological strata, which (as we have seen, ante, p. 17) was always for him enough to remove a closely allied form to a new genus or species. It must be confessed that the arrangement suggested by Deshayes for the Foraminifera, which he called Polypodes, was the pre- cursor of the now generally accepted classification. " Finally," said d'Orbigny,'^ " M. Deshayes not having adopted like me the plan of growth of the shells as the basis of his classification, has gone off' upon another tack, which has led him to a method of which I confess I have hitherto in vain endeavoured to discover the basis." Menke in 1830 * had adhered to the d'Orbignyan classification of the Foraminifera, which he renamed TrematoiJhora. D'Orbigny, as we have observed, clung to his classification to the last, though he amalgamated some of his genera and abandoned some of his sub-families, such as Mucronina ( = Nodosaria),^ Soldania, Planularia (= Cristellaria), Gyroidina, Planulina (= Anomalina), Citharina (= Vaginulina).^ In 1844 he repeated, ^ " the arrange- ment of the segments or chambers of the shell which contains ' VII., p. XXV. "- VII., p. 19 ; X., pp. 7, 19, 23 ; XII., p. 93. See also XVII., p. 164. ^ VII., p. xxvi. '* C. T. Menke, " Synopsis methodica MoUuscorum." Pyrmont, 1830, p. 4. « VII. p. 12 (note). ^ At the same time, whilst d'Orbigny was instituting hundreds of new species on what seem to us to-day to be very inadequate grounds, he did not hesitate on occasion to amalgamate species differentiated by his predecessors. As, for instance, Orbiculina numismalis, in which he "lumped" 0. angulata (Lam.), O. adunca (F. & M.), and 0. uncinata (Lam.) (I. p. 306). Carpenter remarks upon it : — " He arrived at this result, of the truth of which I am myself well assured, by the com- parison of a great number of specimens, a process which it would have been well for science if he had more constantly adopted " (XVII., p. 93). ' XIII., p. 665. See also XVII., p. 6. 32 Transactions of the Society. them will be the basis of our classification, since it represents the ultimate relationships of the zoological characters of the animal, and of its shell ; ... as for the genera, I have determined them according to the plan of growth, combined with the number, the form, and the positions of the apertures of tlie terminal chamber." Carpenter at the end of his onslaught upon the d'Orbignyan classification says : — " Some suspicion of the un- soundness of his fundamental assumption that the geometrical plan of increase is a character of primary value appears to have crossed the mind of M. d'Orbiguy ; for he admits that affinities exist among all the orders, which arise out of a change in the plan of growth that is liable to occur in many types with the advance of life." ^ The fallacy of d'Orbigny's system, in the light of our later knowledge, is nowhere more apparent than among the sub-families of the family Lagenidte, in which Lagena alone is a Monostegue ; Glandulina, Nodosaria, Orthoceras, Dentalina, Frondicularia, Lingulina, Eimulina, Vaginulina, and Marginulina, are Sticho- stegues ; Cristellaria, Flabellina, Eobulina, and Uvigerina are Helicostegues ; and Dimorphina and Polymorphina are Enallo- stegues. " In no group," says Carpenter, " is the artificiality of his method of classification more apparent ; and there is none in which the results of painstaking research have been more fruitful in elucidating the close natural affinities of organisms, whose diversity of form at first sight appears to require their wide separa- tion from each other." ^ The same remarks may be applied with almost equal force to the family of Eotalidse (see p. 74). We can but bear in mind that d'Orbigny to the end of his life, deeply occupied with vast geological works, never studied the internal structure of the shell, or the living animal, in spite of the pioneer work in this direction of Dujardin (see p. 37).^ But when criticism, even so pungent as that of Carpenter, has exhausted itself, we come back to Albert Gaudry's just appreciation of d'Orbigny's work : — " Before him people had none but confused ideas on the Forami- nifera ; the genera had been multiplied without discernment ; it is he who in truth caused this order of animals to be known." * It must be confessed that d'Orbigny held strange views, from which the extent and variety of his material ought to have pro- tected him, upon the distribution of living forms. He expressed the opinion that whilst the Helicostegues, the Enallostegues, and the A»athiste^ c: DO 0) J3 o DO -C -a — u LL o I— 01 c ,. o 1/1 c a. to o o u Q. t/i o O) 1— .c u *J E £Z ^ * OJ (D Q. 13 O > U E -o u- , ^ c LL DO - -Q aj o -C 1- Q — DO — ' r-j LL M DO LL UL A Icicle d'Orlnfiny. 41 been published since his day ;^ and he calls attention to their extreme tenacity when the animals are disturbed or the vessel containing^ them is shaken. The question of their modes of nutrition greatly exercised his mind, and he arrived at no conclusion, stating with some perti- nence " ce n'est pas expliquer une fonction que de lui assignor un appareil." In like manner he fails to come to any definite conclusion as to the reproductive processes of the i'oraminifera, though he seems (p. 351) to have observed the development of amcebulge inside a Miliolina. Finally, in this paper he notes the presence of chitinous linings to shells, both perforate and imper- forate ; he seems to anticipate Butschli's observations on the streaming movements akin to those of protoplasm in fine emulsions (p. 355), and for protoplasm he invents the term " sarcode," which was used for many years to designate the protoplasmic body- substance of the Ehizopoda.'-^ How far his observations applied to all the forms described by d'Orbigny was, as we shall see (post), a matter which gave him some doubt and difficulty." In this fourth paper of 1835 Dujardin first announced his recognition of the fact that Pohjtrema miniaccurn (Pallas) was not a Zoophyte, but a true Foraminifer, an observation which has escaped all writers on the group, except one or two, who date his discovery from 1841 in the work abstracted in Appendix J. (see p. 102). These observations of Dujardin, which, I agree with Carpenter, inaugurated " the tliird period with which our knowledge of the true nature of the Forttminifera really commenced," * may be said to have been awaiting d'Orbigny on his return from South America. Later, in 1841, Dujardin found a place for the Fora- rainifera among tlie Infusoria (Bibl. VI.), though lie appears to do so with some sense of incongruity. His work, " Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes — Infusoires " (Pans, 1841), in the " Suites a Button," contains a recapitulation and amplification of the 1835 papers and need not concern us here, though it is of great interest, and I have given an abstract of these final conclusions in Appendix J. Let us see what d'Orbigny had to say about it all when he returned and found his " Cephalopodes Microscopiques " totter- ing to an enforced abdication of their hitherto undisputed throne. He took advantage of the first opportunity which offered itself, namely, in the Introduction to the Cuba Memoir, to point out ^ that whilst he was in America he had recognized that these ' Excepting, perhaps, the elaborate treatise of C. B. Reichert, " Ueber die Con- tractile substanz (Sarcode, Protoplasina) unci ihre Bewegungs-erscheinungen bei Polythalamien unci einigen anderen niederen Thieren," Abh. k. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1866, pp. 151-293 (pis. i-vii). - Cf. XXI., pp. 436-7 ; XXIII., p. 166. ' See also XVII., p. 7. * XVII., p. 7. = VII., p. xxvii. 42 Transactions of the Society. animals could no longer be classed with the Cephalopoda, but that owing to the press of work following upon his return he could not publish everything at once, and he was consequently antici- pated by Dujardin, to whose scientific attainments he pays a well- merited tribute, recapitulating the facts recorded in his first note (Bibl. II.). D'Orbigny calls attention to the fact that he informed de Ferussac of his change of opinion immediately upon his return (in February 1834), but that nevertheless de Ferussac in his " Aperpu historique sur les Cephalopodes " (Paris, 1834, p. 81) republished the original error " without communicating with me," and cited the Foraminifera as the third Order of the (Jephalopoda.^ Both de Ferussac - and de Blainville ^ expressed in Eeviews the erroneous opinion that Dujardin was in too great a hurry to establish a new class of animals, the former adhering to the belief that the pseudopodia were probably Cephalopodan tentacles. D'Orbigny reviews the article in question (Bibl. III.) and calls attention to the discrepancy alluded to in note 1, p. 39, ante, but seems to have overlooked Dujardin's third note (Bibl. IV.). In reviewing Dujardin's fourth note (Bibl. V.) he suggests that the Foraminifer whose pseudopodia prctruded from pores on the edge of the final chamber was a Peneroplis and not a Cristellaria, which may have been the case, though the aperture of Cristellaria might by looseness of diction (to which, however, Dujardin was not prone) be made to answer Dujardin's description. D'Orbigny, however, says most properly, " nevertheless these errors do not detract at all from the intrinsic merits of his observations, which are merely applicable to other genera." We have seen {ante) that Dujardin exhibited his living Fora- minifera to d'Orbigny ; it is curious that the latter never saw or recognized the anastomosis of the pseudopodia. He records ' lu his " Histoire Naturelle G^nerale et Parfciculiere des Cephalopodes Ac6tabuliferes vivants et fossiles " (Paris, 1834-48, i., p. 50). The omission is the more remarkable as de Ferussac was cognizant of the work of Dujardin, to whom he refers, saving himself to a certain extent, however, by suggesting certain doubts as to whether the Foraminifera should form a single series, and that some have au internal, and others an external shell. De F6russac's work, how- ever, shows other signs of carelessness ; for instance, he says that Linne quoted in his synonymies Gronovius, Martini, Murray, Favauue, Schroeter, and Walker and Boys, none of whom published their works till long after the apjpearance of the twelfth edition of Linne'. De Ferussac had died in the year 1836, and d'Orbigny completed the work from notes confided to him by Mme. de Ferussac in 1837. He points out in his substituted Introducuion that de F6russac was always too ready to accept as new species any drawings submitted to him without comparing them with the originals, and that consequently many useless and misleading plates for his work were published in 1835, before d'Orbigny began his revision of the material. De F6russac published eleven "livraisons " of his work before his death (96 pp.), with the plates. The whole of these were suppressed by d'Orbigny, who wrote a new Introduction and Part I, dated 1839. From the twelfth " livraison " onwards the work was entirely d'Orbigny's. 2 Magazin de Zoologie (Bulletin Zoologique), 1835, p. 104. 2 Le Reformateur, No. 292, July 28, 1835. Alcide cCOrbigny. 43 Dujardin's observations/ and in another place " he says that they touch often, Imt are not amalgamated, and that one can follow them with difficulty until they separate again. But both here and in the Vienna Monograph ^ he falls back upon Dujardin for his general descriptions of pseudopodia. It will be seen by what has gone before that d'Orbigny fully and generously admitted the work of Dujardin, and it is not true that (as the severe Carpenter says) * he ignored Dujardin's genus Groraia in all his subsequent writings. On the contrary, he calls attention to it in the Cuba Memoir,^ both in the Introduction and the work itself, and again (practically in the same words) in the Vienna Monograph.® The citation of these notes of d'Orbigny in the Cuba Memoir brings us naturally to the group of Memoirs published by him in 1839-40, of which the Cuba Memoir was probably, and is generally taken to be, the first in order of date. VII.— The Cuba Memoie.^ The order of date in which the four Memoirs dated 1839-40 were actually published is wrapped in some degree of confusion, and can only be arrived at from casual notes to be found scattered through them, and from the synonymies of some of the species recorded in them. There is no doubt that immediately on his retur^ from South America (February 2, 1834) he addressed him- self to his 'great work on his voyage, which was not completed until 1847. He quotes the earlier volumes in the Cuba IMemoir,^ and later, in his Introduction, he says, " I am publishing at this moment three other local faunas — (1) that of the Canary Islands . . . ; (2) that of South America in my ' Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale {une partie spcdale) ' ; (3) fauna of the white chalk of the Paris Basin." ^ The Cuba Memoir is quoted in the Canary Islands Memoir ; he says ^° that he is in course of publishing it, but as he quotes it by page in his synonymies ^^ it was clearly ' VII., p. xxix. - Op. cit., p. xxxiii (note). ^ XII., p. 5. * XVII., p. 63. •' VII., p. xxix and p. 2. '■ XII., pp. 3 and 20. " " Histoire physique, politique, et naturelle de I'lle de Cuba par M." Ramon de la Sagra, Directeur du Jardin Botauique de la Havane, etc. Foraminiferes par Alcide d'Orbigny," Paris, 1839, 8vo, pp. xlviii and 224. With an atlas of 12 plates, large folio. There was also an edition in Spanish, 4to (180 pp.), published in Paris in 1840. This latter is the edition referred to in Brady's works ; the date and the pagination differing from the French edition have intro- duced some confusion in references and synonymies. >* Vol. i. See VII., p. viii, note (1). » VII., p. xlvii, note (1). "> VIII., p. 123, note. " E.g., on pp. 124, 134. 44 Transactions of the Society. already published or in print. The date of the South Ameiican Memoir, as we shall see (p. 47), is settled by Troschel's epitome, and as he quotes in it both the Cuba and the Canary Island Memoirs by page ^ it evidently came third. In the Paris Basin Memoir he quotes all three.- This, therefore, is the order of precedence which they take in synonymies. The Cuba Memoir is of course the most important, for it contains the whole of his knowledge as it stood at that date, and drives diacnoses of every genus of Foraminifera which he had O O t/ O •11' hitherto observed in any material in his possession, whetlier it occurred in the Cuba material or not. A glance at the Tables in Appendix F. makes this plain. By this time, for instance, he was in touch with von Hauer, and he diagnosed genera from von Hauer's material which were not fully dealt with till the appearance of the Vienna Memoir in 1846. I have referred {ante, passim) to his general Introduction and the statement of his views and position included therein. Eamon de la Sagra had entrusted d'Orbigny with the arrangement of the zoological portion of his History of Cuba, and among the material was a small quantity of sand, the richness of whose Foraminiferal fauna struck d'Orbigny at once. He communicated with de Cande, a naval officer^ stationed in the West Indies, who supplemented de la Sagra's material with sands from Cuba, Haiti, St. Thomas, Jamaica, Martinique, and Guadeloupe, and a year's assiduous work on the material proved to d'Orbigny that Cuba provides all the species to be found in any West Indian gatherings, besides many species not found elsewhere in the West Indies. He pronounces the dictum that Cuba cannot be compared for Foraminiferal fauna with any place in the world excepting the Adriatic* He found in the Cuban sands 117 species, " one-tenth of the whole of the Foraminifera known up to the present day," and on these results being communicated to de la Sagra they agreed that the work " should serve as a basis for the study of the Foraminifera, comprehending my general views, my classification, and the succinct characters of all the genera," and he therefore gives an abstract of the general observations which he proposes to publish later in his " ouvrage special." He points out that until that moment nothing at all was known of the Foraminifera of the Antilles except about twenty species that he had noted in the "Tableau Methodique." ^ At the end of his Introduction he makes the astonishing statement that so specialized are the Cuban forms that of the whole 117 he had only found five in other parts of the world, but this must be read in the light 1 IX., pp. 22, 24, 26. 2 X., p. 4, note (1). 3 See Appendix E. ■* VII., p. xii. •^ I make it fourteen species. See p. 29. Alcide d'Orhigny. 45 of his views on species from different geographical areas {ante, p. 17). Very many of his peculiarly Cuban species have been swallowed up in the synonymies of other species of wide tropical distribution. At the same time it may be remarked that he recorded several species in 1826 (from material furnished by de Eerussac, see p. 12), wiiich he did not find again in the 1839 material.^ In the Cuba Memoir he first gave synonymies of species in the modern accepted form, the elaborate synonymy of Orbiculina adunca to which I have already referred (ante, p. 31, note 6) being a model in its way.- It is here, also, that he first shows the cloven hoof of his principles of nomenclature (see p. 92), claiming as his own, species of earlier authors which he had removed to other genera," or whose names he had modified (see In this work he first introduces his family ot Monostegues, giving as its representatives Gromia of Dujardin, and Oi'hulina universa, which he has found here and in several other localities. It is little short of amazing that he makes no mention of any species of Lagena, which makes its first appearance as Oolina in the South American Memoir, which indicates that this part at least of his work had gone to press before he tackled the South American material. It is astonishing that he deliberately ignored the Serpula (Lagena) of Walker and Boys (1784), the Lagenula of Fleming (1815), and the Vcrmiculum r/lohosuni (and others) of Montagu (1803), though we know that these works were well known to him.* It is a curious reflection that de la Sagra's " History of Cuba " would have long been relegated to the limbo of practically forgotten works had it not been for d'Orbigny's concluding volume on the Foraminifera. The six volumes of the work itself may be bought for a few pence or shillings, whilst the small volume by d'Orbigny is practically unobtainable for as many pounds. ' Exempli gratia Lingulina carinala (VII., p. 21) ; Cristellaria gibba (VII., p. 40); Calcarina calcar (VII., p. 81); and several others. It is not a little re- markable that he found no species of Dentaliua at all from any of the West Indian Islands (VII., p. 17). "- VII., p. 64. ^ Thus, on p. 175, he calls Vermiculum oblongum Montagu, Triloculina oblonga d'Orb. It may be noted here that he always refers in his synonymies to the pagination of one of the reprints of the " Tableau M^thodique " issued with the Models, which is very confusing. Thus for this synonym he gives p. 134 instead of the original p. 300 of the " Tableau." * He may well be excused for ignoring Denys de Montfort's 78nie genre, Lagenula Jioscula, which is more like a vase or a pepper-pot than a Foraminifer (Conchyliologie syst6matique, Paris, 1808, i., p. 811). The fact that it was IMont- fort's was enough to make d'Orbigny fight shy of it. His views upon Montfort (which were shared by all other contemporary natxaralists) are expressed without restraint whenever the opportunity offers. Cf. VII., pp. xvii, xix ; I., pp. 103, 125, et passim. 46 Transactions of the. Society. VIII. — The Canary Islands Memoir. The concluding paragraph of the preceding section applies with equal force to the " Histoire Naturelle des lies Canaries," by P. Barker- Webb and Sabin Berthelot, published in Paris between 1835 and 1849.^ These gentlemen submitted to d'Orbigny the Algse that they brought back from the Canary Islands, together with a little sand which they had collected at Orotava. On the outward journey to South America (as he tells us in the South American Memoir, see p. 49) the officer in command of the ship " had omitted to regulate his chronometer " (!), and a stay of a few days was made at Teneriffe (August 9, 1826) for the purpose. The delay was hailed by d'Orbigny with almost lyrical enthusiasm. " One must be," he says, " naturalist and enthusiast to form a correct idea of what I felt."- He admits that -the material was limited in quantity, but says that the results exceeded his hopes. He identified forty-three species, though of course he was far from having examined the sands of all, or of any large number of the Islands. The work is therefore essentially imperfect; d'Orbigny records that lie only found, seven Canarian species which were also to be found on the shores of France — all of them the commonest forms.^ Besides these he only found two * wliich he had ever seen elsewhere. He compares the Canarian species with the fossil forms known to him on the lines which he afterwards elaborated in the Vienna Memoir.^ The only genus which he describes as new from the Islands is Webbina,'' and again we are confronted with the fact that the genus Lagena escaped him entirely in this material. It will be appreciated that this was his least important work as regards extent, but what there is of it is of equal value with the rest, and the execution of the plates is equally magnificent. One notices in this work two instances of a type of carelessness which is unfortunately frequent in d'Orbigny 's works — a dis- ' The title-page of the section of this large folio work, devoted to the Fora- minifera, is inscribed " 105 Livraison 1839," and, below the publisher's notice, "1835-1849." The work was published "Under the auspices of the Minister of Public Instruction." In the completed volumes the contributions of d'Orbigny are in vol. ii., pt. 2, " MoUusques, Echinodermes, Poraminiferes et Polypiers." Foraminiferes : pp. 121-146, and three plates. - XXII., p. 5. ^ Glohigerina bulloides, Orbulina universa, Planorhulina vulgaris (see p. 18), Truncatulina lobatula, T. variabilis, and Textularia sagittula. The seventh was his doubtful species Quinqueloculina laevigata, which he had only found in the Paris Chalk. * Lingulina carinata and Rosalina valvulata, from the West Indies. ^ He was already in communication (as we have seen, ante, p. 44) with Joseph von Hauer, as he tells us in a note on p. 122 (see also note 1, p. 54). " VIII., p. 125. As to the species named after Barker- Webb and Berthelot, see p. 93. Alcide d'Orligny. 47 crepancy between the uame affixed to a species in the text and that in the legends or explanations of the plates. Thus in this work Rosalina berthdoti in the text is It. hcrthclotiana in the plate ; and Nonionina stelligera in the text becomes N. stelliferct in the plate. The name in the text, of course, stands. IX. — The South American Memoir. The " Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale " was the magnum opus of d'Orbigny's life, in the sense that it was the only one of his vast projected and commenced works which ever arrived at com- pletion (see post, p. 59).^ There exists some confusion as to its precise date, but as regards the section devoted to the Forami- nifera it is certainly the last-issued of the 1839-40 Memoirs. In a note on p. 1 he tells us that he published the Cuba, Canary Islands, and Paris Basin Memoirs " last year." The Paris Basin Memoir was read before the Societe Geologique de France on December 2, 1839, and published in their " Memoires " in 1840. There is little doubt, therefore, that this latter work was issued early in 1840. In the month of June, 1840, Troschel published in Wiegmann's " Archiv " a combined abstract and translation of the Cuba, Canaries, and South American Memoirs, in which every genus and species described in the three Memoirs are brought together under their families ; he (Troschel) says himself : " It seems to me most appropriate to bring together here all that is most interesting out of all three works." - Messrs. Sherborn and Woodward dealt with this vexed question in one of their many Bibliographical notes,^ and agreed that for all practical purposes 1839 is the date to be assigned to this portion of the work. The publication of the entire work in seven volumes folio, with 1 " Voyage dans TAm^rique M6ridionale . . . execute pendant les annees 1826 . . . 1833 par Alcide d'Orbigny . . . Ouvrage dedi^ au Roi et publie sous les auspices de M. le Ministre de I'lnstruction Publique (commence sous le Ministere de M. Guizot). Tome Cinquieme, 52 partie. Foraminiferes." Paris (Bertrand) ; Strasbourg (Levrault) ; 1839. - " Es scheint mir am Zweckmassigsteu das Interessanteste aus alien drei genannten Arbeiten hier zusammenzustellen," Dr. Troschel. " Die Foraminiferen Amerika's und der Canarischen Inseln von Alcide d'Orbigny." Im Auszuge mit- getheilt von Dr. Troschel. In A. F. A. Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, Jahrg. 6 (1840) pp. 398-462, Berlin. The last paper in the first half-yearly volume. * " The title-page of the 'Foraminiferes' is dated 1839, the wrapper is dated 1843. Troschel in 1840 translated and printed the whole work. Apparently the whole work was printed by the Government, and was ready for publication by 1839, but for some reason or other was delayed. The fact that Troschel re- printed the paper, however, allows us to take the original date of 1889, rather than to disturb the history of so many specific names." — C. Davies Sherborn and B. B. Woodward, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vii., pp. 388-9. 48 Transactions of the Society. two atlases, occupied him from 1834 to 1847. His biographer, Paul Fischer, observes, " Nine volumes and about five hundred plates, relative to the most diversified subjects, hardly sufficed to make known the great quantity of material which he had collected. This immense work, says Elie de Beaumont, presents in an almost encyclopaedic form one of the most extensive monographs that has been devoted to any region of tlie world." ^ As we have seen {ante, p. 8), d'Orbigny was only twenty-three years old in 1825 when an English company was formed to fit out an expedition for the exploitation of the mines of Potosi, in Bolivia, and the authorities of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle decided to send out with it a " Naturaliste-voyageur." It was early in November, 1825, that Geoffroy-St. Hilaire intimated to d'Orbigny that he had, jointly with Cuvier, Brongniart, and other members of the Administration, proposed him for election to this post of honour, and his appointment thereto was ratified in the Seance of the Academy of November 14. D'Orbigny accepted at first with some reserve ; he expressed a wish to devote a few years to preliminary studies in various branches of science. This, how- ever, was not practicable, though the Administration agreed that he might remain for some months in France, and appointed him a salary up to the time of his departure.^ He tells us himself, " To wander all over South America under such fiatteiing auspices appealed to me in the highest degree." By way of preparation for his voyage d'Orbigny set himself to attend the lectures and classes of Cuvier, de Ferussac, Brongniart, Geoff'roy-St. Hilaire, Cordier, and de Blainville, and made notes for his future guidance. Cuvier honoured him with verbal instruc- tions as to his zoological studies, and placed the resources of the Cabinet d' Anatomic at his disposal. Alexander von Humboldt and Bonpland had made a scientific tour of South America from 1799 to 1804, in augmentation of the results obtained on the earlier voyage of Felix de Azara, and von Humboldt set d'Orbigny a large number of questions upon which further enlightenment was required, and obtained for him the grant of such meteorological instruments as he was able to take with him — which consisted only of barometers — besides giving him introductions to persons in South America who might be able to assist him in his work.' Indeed, it would appear that all the leading naturalists then in Paris helped the young " Naturaliste-voyageur " with their advice 1 XXI,, p. 441 ; XVI., p. 830. D'Orbigny tells us himself that he was still working at it in 1844, when von Hauer invited him to make a special study of the Vienna Poraminifera (XII., p. ix). ^ I have taken what seems of interest for the purposes of this paper from the biographical notices of Fischer (XXI.), Gaudry (XVI.), and Labonnefon (XXII.), and from his own narrative of the Voyage, vol. i. pp. 4-8, 15, 21. ^ He pays a tribute to the advice and assistance of Cuvier and von Humboldt in his special work on " L'Homme Americain " (see note 2, p. 50 ; Introd., p. s). JOURN. R. MICR. SOC. 1917. Pi. V! U-jA Plate VII. Alcide d'Orbigny, from a Daguerreotype of I 843. in the Musee de Paleontologle, in Paris. Alcide d'Orhigny. 49 and encouragement. The authorities of the Museum voted him an annual sum of 240/. for the expenses of his voyage, whereupon Desfontaines, the Professor of Botany at the Museum, said to him, " Do not start on so modest a sum, you will assuredly die of hunger," and d'Orbigny set himself to work to obtain further grants in aid of his object. Labonnefon tells us, " The Due de Piivoli was living then at La-Ferte St. Aubin. Though his avarice was notorious he could loosen his purse-strings when he foresaw •a real advantage to science. D'Orbigny approached him and pleaded his cause so well that the duke accorded him a subvention of £120 a year up to 1830, and thanks to this the voyage became practicable." On May 27 he left Paris to make his farewells to his family at La Eochelle, reaching Brest from, there, where he found he had to wait a month while the ship was being got ready. He left France on board the corvette ' La Meuse,' sailing from Brest on July 29. 1826, and he tells us that he was very sea-sick for three days, and never suffered similarly again all his life. We learn from a note in de Ferussac's Bulletin that he was accom- panied by a friend, M. Trion, who was travelling also as a naturalist.^ I have referred to their halt at Teneriffe on August 9, where they stayed to take some necessary observations until the 18th {ante, p. 46). We are told that for some unexplained reason they were not popular on board, and would appear to have suffered some annoyances from the senior officers of the ship.^ They cast anchor in the Bay of Pdo de Janeiro on September 24, 1826. Here they were confronted with monetary difficulties, their letters of credit being negotiable only at Buenos Ayres, and d'Orbigny had to undertake the payment of 56/. to a German skipper on arrival in the Argentine, and to take all risks of being captured by corsairs on the way. They got away from Eio on October 14 and arrived at Montevideo in November. Here they got into serious trouble. The place was besieged by Gauchos, and the authorities were suffering from " nerves." D'Orbigny and Trion had made some barometric observations at sea, for which they were denounced by the intelligent German skipper ; they were handed over to a company of negro soldiers under pretence of being escorted to the commandant, and were cast into prison, "a putrid hole full of malefactors and chained murderers." With ' Bull, des Sci. Nat. et de Geol., xi. (1827) p. 173. We never hear anything more of M. Trion. ^ ^ ■-' Cf. the observations of Moseley on the relations between the scientific and civilian staffs of the 'Challenger' Expedition. H. N. Moseley, "Notes of a Naturalist on the ' Challenger,' " London, 1879, Introduction, p. vii. D'Orbigny teUs us of the obstacles put in his way by the officers ; he says : — " Je regrette d'avoir a dire que j'eus beaucoup a souffrir pendant toute cette travers^e du manque absolu de precedes du commandant et de sou lieutenant qui ont pouss6 la mauvaise volenti jusqu'a contraver continuellement mes explorations." The rest of the staff seem to have behaved well. Feb. ?Ust, 1917 E 50 Transactions of the Society. great difficulty and mucli bribery they at last succeeded in com- municating with their Consul and were seb at liberty. This was in January, 1827, during which month they reached Buenos Ayres. It would be far beyond the scope of the present work to attempt to give any general account, however condensed, of the events of this memorable journey or of its broad results. Von Humboldt had explored the Orinoco, and Castelnau the Amazon ; d'Orbigny followed the course of the Parana, up to Corrientes and on to Barranqueras, in a native boat, in momentary danger of wreck, and of being devoured by jaguars. An added peril was that of falling into the hands of the notorious and infamous Dr. Francia, Dictator of Paraguay, who refused to allow strangers in his country. Von Humboldt's companion, the friend of the d'Orbigny famil}^, Bonpland, had been caught by him and imprisoned, in spite of all protests from the Courts of Europe, for six years. The career of a " Naturaliste-voyageur " was not, in these times, devoid of possible incident. Apart from the personal interest attaching to the man himself, the autobiography of this enthusiastic young traveller is full of extraordinary charm. • The natural history collections which he made fill one with amazement, when we reflect upon the diffi- culties of transport w^hich he must have experienced ; we are told of 4000 species of insects, 150 Crustacea, 150 fishes, 600 mollusca, 100 reptiles, of which a very large number were new to science.^ He made careful studies of geographical distribution, and most minute observations upon the life-histories and habits of the creatures which he watched durins;^ nearlv seven vears. He founded a complete theory of the stratigraphical geology of the South American continent, and collected pal?eontological specimens in illustration thereof, and we see here the basis of his remarkable views on the Cosmogony and his theory of successive Creations, establishing the relationship between the geological formations of the Old and New Worlds. He made a careful study of the native races, and contributed to antbropology a complete treatise upon American Man," besides several isolated papers. He verified Buffon's law of distribution, he mapped the districts that he traversed, and completed the geographical studies of Pentland, and introduced important cor- rections into the existing maps of South America. Of Bolivia he constructed not only a geographical but also a geological map. * The biographer in Larousse gives us as the results of the voyage : 160 mam- mals, 860 birds, 115 reptiles, 166 fish, 980 mollusca and zoophytes, 5000 insects and Crustacea, and 3000 plants, in addition to extensive geological, paleeontological, and ethnological collections. - Besides the important section on this subject forming part of vol. iv. of the larger work (1839), he published a work in two volumes entitled " L'homme Americain (de I'Amerique Meridionale) considere sous ses rapports physiologiques et moraux," Paris-Strasburg, 1839. Alcide d'Oriigny. 51 lu Peru he became in turn an ardent antiquary and studied tlie relics of the ancient civilizations, in the cradles of the Inca race/ He visited the ancient Missions founded by the Jesuits beyond the Cordillera in the eighteenth century, a romantic account of Avhich is given by Labonnefon. He spent eight months in Patagonia and took part in the siege of Carmen, which enabled him to correct many wild impressions that had been rife con- cerning the Patagonian race. He lived among the Guarayo Indians, and brought back with him as an anthropological specimen a boy of the tribe, whom he " traded " with his grandfather for a scythe, a hatchet, and a knife. But we can no longer occupy ourselves even with these cursory observations upon this remark- able voyage. Accompanied by the mule train which bore his vast collections, he regained the western coast and embarked on board the ' Philanthrope ' for Europe on July 3, and left South America on September 3, 1833. The "philanthropic" captain charged him 100/. for his passage home. He visited several districts on the way — Islay, Callao, Lima and Valparaiso, which he left on October 3, rounding Cape Horn, and landed in France on February 2, 1834."'^ The six years had not passed by without being punctuated by occasional severe attacks of home-sickness, and of these attacks he has left us some touching and lyrical expres- sions. The return to France, when " the lighthouse of Cordouan announced the Mouth of the Gironde," made amends for all. " All my past sufferings," he says, " were forgotten. I was about to see my family once more. ... A new existence was dawning for me." He never spoke a truer word. He came to grips at once with the world of men, he embarked forthwith upon the vast mass of work which occupied his life ; he began a life-long series of dissensions and disputes, inevitable to the career of so bold and obstinate an innovator, and so unsparing a critic ; he entered in a word upon a life strewn with many disappointments and dis- illusionments, which was to end at the early age of fifty-five. In the following year the Societe Geologique de France awarded him their Grand Prix, the Medaille d'Or, of the Society. I do not think an apology is needed for having so long delayed the consideration of that branch of his work which has the more peculiar interest for us — the Memoir upon the Foraminifera of South America. The account of the voyage was, as we have seen, published by the Government on the recommendation of the Academie des Sciences, and was dedicated to King Louis-Philippe. Section V, on the Foraminifera, consists of ^^j pp. and nine most beautiful plates, in large folio ; it is fortunately the most accessible of all d'Orbigny's works on the group. ^ He even named a Foraminifer Rosalina inca. - A map of South America with the whole of d'Orbigny's journey traced upon it is given by Labonnefon (XXII., p. 9), giving all the dates of his Stations. E 2 52 Transactions of the Society. In this work he first recognizes Lagena {ante, p. 45) under the generic name of Oolina, which he introduces with the remark- able statement that having only hitherto known two genera of Monostegues he now " admits a third which our researches have brought to light in the sands of South America" (!). He explains that these little bodies had long been known to him, but finding them always associated with Nodosaria and Dentalina he had taken them to be primordial chambers of these genera. The finding of them in great numbers in material from the lies Malouines (the Falkland Islands), where he had found no Nodosaria or Dentalina, he was obliged to recognize them as a distinct genus, since when he had found them in nearly all sands. ^ He records ten species from South America. The Memoir suffers from d'Orbigny's tendency to give a new specific name to any species that he finds in a new locality, and thus of the eighty-one species recorded in the Memoir there are only three that are not described as new to science, of which only one has anything like a synonymy — Glohigenna hulloides, in which he refers to the " Tableau Methodique" again merely as a " Prodrome." His South American specific names are consequently a feature of the work — peruviana (3 spp.), patagonica (4 spp.), araucana (2 spp.), inca (2 spp.), boliviana. He collected sands from all the littorals at which he touched, captains of merchantmen supplied him •with material from Payta, Acapulco, and Guayaquil, and on his return journey he obtained a sounding " made at a great depth " (160 m.) in sight of land, with a lead only a few centimetres in diameter, upon which he found a " a very fair number of Polyzoa and Foraminifera." This sounding he took as a point of departure for two distinct Foraminiferal faunas, characterizing respectively the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts of South America. He found the world-wide Glohigerina hulloides on both sides, but otherwise fifty-two were found exclusively in the Atlantic, and thirty exclusively on the Pacific coasts.^ In the small sounding off Cape Horn four were Atlantic forms, and he concludes that this fauna is carried north-eastwards by the currents. He makes some cvirious and ingenious deductions herefrom upon the distribution of Foraminifera in all latitudes and at all temperatures under favourable circumstances.^ He makes a further analysis which ' It must be remembered that in 1826 he records having received sands from these islands from MM. Quoy, Gaimard, and Gaudichaud (I., p. 250 ; IX., p. 33), collected upon Preycinet's voyage round the world, and a paper on the zoology of the islands by Garnot appeared (with the " Tableau M6thodique ") in vol. vii. of the Ann. Sci. Nat. (p. 39). - He gives a complete analytical table of these on pp. 10, 11. ^ He calls attention here to a rich gathering from the North Cape, sent to him by Mons. Eobert — after whom he named the genus Robertina (a sub-genus of Bulimina), which, however, he did not retain. See Appendices E, F. See also IX., p. 17. Alcide d^Orlngny. 53 appears to contradict or modify his previous distribution/ but the principle remains the same, and Fischer points out that his deductions were subsequently confirmed by many English zoologists.'-^ This Memoir emphasizes d'Orbigny's worst fault, whicli is that of making broad generalizations from insufficient material. Thus he founded in this Memoir the genus Bolivina (of which he records three species) as the only representative of the Textulariidee ; not only are many Textularian species of frequent occurrence in these latitudes, but he should have been familiar with the genus Bolivina from his earliest years. It is common at La Eochelle, and must have occurred in his Cuban and Canary Islands material.^ X. — The Paris Chalk Memoir. This Memoir, probably written early in 1839, and read before the Societe Geologique de France on December 2 in that year,* was d'Orbigny's first contribution to the literature of the fossil Foraminifera. It was probably written before the three Memoirs above noticed, though he says (see ante, p. 43) that they are in course of publication ; he mentions in connexion with three species that he had found allied forms in the Canaries, but otherwise he does not refer to the Memoirs.^ Indeed, he says that since the publication of the " Tableau Methodique " no living species had been described,^ and only a very few fossil species until the appearance of Eoemer's paper on the Tertiary Foraminifera of Germany in the previous year.'' The Memoir under review is to some extent a comparative essay on the Cretaceous of several localities ; besides that from the Paris Basin, he had studied the Chalk Foraminifera of the Loire, the Gironde, of Southern France, and of Belgium, and he gives » IX., p. 15. 2 XXI., p. 438. ' See Appendix F, note 1, p. 98. * " Memoire sur les Foraminiferes de la Craie Blanche du Bassin de Paris," Mem. Soc. Geol., France, iv. (1840), pp. 1-51, pis. i.-iv. An anoiiymous writer in " Science Gossip " in 1870 gave an abstract of this Memoir in which all the figures are reproduced the same size as the originals, pp. 81-83, figs. 75-94 ; pp. 106-108, figs. 103-119 ; pp. 155-157, figs. 138-156. ' Of course it must be borne in mind that d'Orbigny would never have admitted that a recent and a fossil species could be identical (see p. 17). '^ On this occasion he does appear to have ignored Dujardin's observations. ' Here, again, is one of the instances in which d'Orbigny confvised dates, caused no doubt by adding notes and passages while, his work was going through the press. He gives as the date of Roemer's paper 1839, referring of course to his " Gephalopoden des Norddeutschen tertiaren Meeressandes," Neues Jahrb, f. Min., etc. (1838), pp. 381-394, pi. iii. (Stuttgart). 54 Transactions of the Society. a list of localities where fossil Foraminifera are to be found/ Until this moment the only species recorded from the Paris Basin were Lenticidina rotulata and Lituola nautiloidea and difformis, described by Lamarck,- and copied by Parkinson,'^ Bowdich,* and Defrance.^ D'Orbigny says he might have published this Memoir two years earlier, but that he wished to render the work more complete, and had, to that end, examined the Chalk and strata of Meudon, St. Germain, and Sens, of the banks of the Seine as far as the Dejiartments of Yonne and Aube, to which were added Chalk from Cipley received from d'Archiac, and from Fauquemart received from " M. Dumont," resulting in a record of fifty-four species of Foraminifera. It is here that we see the first signs of his pet theory of Foraminifera as zone determinants, to which he was passionately attached to the end of his life, and he applies his theory in a table to the whole of the strata examined by him, arriving thereby at conclusions identical with those of d'Archiac. With the exception of Cristcllaria rotulata, {supra and note 2) and Lituola nautiloidea, to which synonymies are attached, the whole of the species in this Memoir are described as new to science. He renames his Rotalina truncatidinoides (Canary Islands) Eotalina micheliniana, claiming that the Paris species differs in the absence of an umbilicus and of raised sutural lines on the superior surface. As we have seen {ante, p. 18), these two are now regarded as synonymous. XL — The Vienna Memoir. Like the Cuba Memoir, d'Orbigny's " Foraminif eres Fossiles du Bassin Tertiaire de Vienne " "^ is a work complete in itself, embracing in its scope the whole Order of the Foraminifera, whether recorded from the Vienna material or not, and bearing the same relation to the fossil forms as the Ciiba Memoir bears to the recent. I think there is little doubt that by the time this was ' He tells us (p. 3, note) that von Hauer is sending him fossil Foraminifera from Transylvania and Vienna, and Lyell from the Crag of England. 2 " M6moire sur les Fossiles des Environs de Paris," Paris, 1802-1806. As to the former species d'Orbigny claimed it as his, on the principle referred to ante (p. 45), making it Cristellaria rotulata d'Orbigny, instead of (Lamarck). ^ " Organic Remains of a Former World." London, 1804-11, iii., figs. 4-7. ■■ "Elements of Conchology." Paris, 1820-22, pi. 18. ^ Defrance, Diet. Sci. Nat. Articles Lituole and Lenticuline. " " Poraminiferes Fossiles du Bassin Tertiaire de Vienne (Autriche) decouverts par Son Excellence le Chevalier Joseph de Hauer . . . et decrits par Alcide d'Orbigny. Ouvrage publie sous les auspices de Sa Majeste I'Empereur d'Autriche,' Paris, 1846, pp. 312, pis. 1-21. Text in German and French. This is the first title-page upon which d'Orbigny recorded all his titles, degrees, honours, member- ship of Societies, Academies, etc. Alcide d'Orhigny. 55 publislied, d'Orbigny, plunged as he was in the execution of projects of publication almost chimseric in their vastness, had realized that his " grand ouvrage " was destined to remain for ever in the limbo of unwritten books — that vast and shadowy- library situated on the road to the nether-world, whose shelves are filled with phantom volumes announced for publication by ambitious authors, but suppressed by the inexorable censor, Time. Not only did he give diagnoses of all the genera named in his table, both recent and fossil, but he even added a crowded plate, containing fifty-eight figures of " all the genera which have not yet been discovered fossil in the Vienna Basin," and he tells us that he has considered it necessary to reproduce in this volume the general characteristics of the Foraminifera already given in his other works/ We find on this plate the only figures he ever published of what may be called the unique species of d'Orbigny Rimulina glabra, ConuLina conica, Robertina ardica, Cuneolina jjavonia,'^ and Uniloculina indica. (See Section XVI.). He gave figures in this Memoir of eight species named in the " Tableau Methodique " which had never been figured before, besides re- figuring some five and twenty species cited in the " Tableau " and from earlier authors,^ and he also retigured ten Soldanian species from actual specimens found in the Vienna material.* This is the only Memoir of d'Orbigny for which he did not draw the figures himself ; they were drawn and lithographed by Delarue. "They will do honour," says d'Orbigny, "to the skilful hand and great talents of observation of this distinguished artist, to whom Paleontology is indebted for such goed work " ; they rank certainly among the finest figures of Foraminifera ever published. The leading theme of this Memoir is the exposition of d'Orbigny's views upon the relative distribution of the Fora- minifera in geological strata and the existino- oceans.^ It would be impossible to give more than a passing glance at this portion of his work, but it is very interesting to mark the progress of palaiontological knowledge by comparing it with Chapman's extended and conscientious labours in the same field.'^ As to tlie precise formation from which the material was obtained he hesitated to pronounce a definite opinion ; Bronn had placed the beds between the London Clay and the Subapennine, and in the Miocene of Lyell ^ d'Orbigny regarded them as much more recent, but he deferred any definite pronouncement until such time as ^ XII., pp. ix aud 3, pi. xxi. - Reproduced in the " Cours Elementaire," XIV., vol. ii., p. 203, fig. 330. -' XX., p. 259. < XX., p. 260. "' XXI., p. 436. " F. Chapman, "The Foraminifera." London (Longmans), 1902. • Neues Jahrb. f. Min., etc., 1837, pp. 408, 431. 56 Transactiorm of the Society. he should have made a more extended study of the accompanying Mollusca.^ According to d'Orbigny no Foraminifera had been recorded of earlier geological age than the Upper Lias, with the exception of Fusulina cijlindricM. Fischer, from the Carboniferous ; ^ a glance at Chapman's excellent Bibliography ^ marks the progress, or rather the retrogression, of knowledge on this subject. Chapman dealt with the matter at some length in a previous paper,* and more recently Earland and I have dealt with it in our paper " On the Foraminifera as World-Builders." ^ Out of many instances we may note that d'Orbigny says in this Memoir that no Miliolidas have appeared in the Upper Chalk, and that Ver- neuilina, Gaudryina and many others " appear and disappear " with the Cretaceous. His summary of geological distribution is not uninteresting : he gives us the following distribution : Carboniferous 1 species, Jurassic 20, Cretaceous 280, Tertiary 450, Eecent 1000. His table of distribution of the latter is no less didactic and empirical ; he gives us : Warm water regions 575, temperate 350, cold 75.'^ As in the Cuba Memoir and elsewhere, d'Orbigny reviews the work of previous authors and awards the palm, not without some reason, to Fichtel and Moll, whose work he pronounces as far superior to much that was then lieing published on the Fora- minifera.^ This hits at the contemporary work of Ehrenberg, Eeuss, Eoemer, Geinitz, Neugeboren, and others. Indeed, in a note (on p. xxxi) he stigmatizes the work of Ehrenberg as practi- cally useless (acfain with reason), on the ground that he determined his species by transmitted light, saying justly that " it is only by reflected light {opacite) that one can arrive at a true comprehension of the forms, and the exterior details of the genera and species." At the same time he deplores the unsatisfactory and incomplete figures of Geinitz, Eoemer, and Eeuss, from which, as he justly observed, it is impossible to recognize species of which one possesses examples.^ Fichtel and Moll worked upon material ' Eduard Suess, in his Memoir, " Untersuchungen ueber den Charakter der oesterreichische Tertiarablagerungen " (1866), gave a clear exposition of this some- wha"t complicated area, from which it would appear that the Eocene is overlaid by marls and shales, and are followed in the Vienna Basin by the lowest Miocene, above which is the Marine series— the "Tegel" of d'Orbigny, which is highly fossiliferous, and from which it is fairly certain that the majority of the Vienna Foraminifera were derived. See also XXV., p. 531. - XII., p. XXV. 3 Op. cit., p. 335, et seq. * In " Foraminifera from an Upper Cambrian Horizon in the Malverns," Q. J. Geol. Soc, Ivi. (1900), pp. 257-263, pi. xv. ^ Journ. Quekett Micr. Club, ser. 2, xii. (1913), pp. 1-16, pis. i.-iii. ^ XII., pp. xxxiii and xxxvii. ' XII., p. vii. ' The splendid series of Memoirs upon which Reuss's fame rests only began in this year with his " Versteinerungen der bohmischen Kreideformation " (Stuttgart, 1845-6). His earlier paper in Geinitz' " Gruudriss der Versteine- rungenskunde," of the same date, deserves all that d'Orbigny says of it. JOURN. R. MICR. SOC. I9I7, PI. VIII. f\ OS ail lie jriosa/ih^ ^'Oi-A. 1-10 ■ ¥ ,IJ^ i/-t«V "tl'l. Plate VIII Reduced (i) facsimile of the Planche inedlte of Rosalina (Discorbina) globularis. 1 4 Alcide d'Orligny. 57 from the Mediterranean, the Adriatic, the lied Sea, and some fossils from Sienna and Austria ; they were themselves Austrians, and we may forgive d'Orbigny for flattering them a little as being compatriots of von Hauer. The material for the Vienna Memoir came from many localities in the neighbourhood of Vienna and Baden. As we have seen {ante, pp. 45, 54), von Hauer was in communication with d'Orbigny on the subject in 1838, and d'Orbigny had sent him a preliminary report, which von Hauer published in 1839/ Since that time von Hauer had extended his collections and pursued his researches, and by 1844 had collected " the richest Foraminiferal fauna ever met with in any country," '^ and wrote asking d'Orbigny to compose a special work upon them. Being tlien, as he points out, fully occupied with his " Paleontologie Francaise " and his " Amerique Meridionale," he hesitated to undertake the task, but fearing that the results of these valuable labours might be lost to science he finally determined to embark upon it, in spite of the numerous sacrifices which it entailed upon him, encouraged thereto by the patronage of the Emperor of Austria, who undertook to defray all the expenses of publication and illustration. The work occupied him for two years, and he signed the Introduction on July 30, 1846. He separated and recorded 228 species, a larger number, he says, than are to be found in any existing ocean — another of those sweeping generalities to which d'Orbigny was so much addicted. As might be expected when dealing with fossil forms, he makes a new species of practically everything, and claims as his own any species which he removes into another genus, but the synonymies in this work ai'e fuller than any he has attempted before, and when he claims a species in this manner the original author is given.^ ^ J. von Hauer, " Mittheilung au Prof. Bronn gerichtet, Bestimniiiug der Wiener Foraminiferen durch d'Orbigny, und Entomostraceen von dort," Neues Jahrb. f. Min., etc. (Stuttgart, 1839), pp. 428-9. This communication, which is dated February 18, 1839, was accompanied by a set of duplicates — so far as he had duplicates — of the species von Hauer had sent to d'Orbigny, with a complete list of names as determined by him. The sx^ecimens were all from Nussdorf, and numbered seventy-four. The letter is followed (j). 430) by another from von Roemer, to whom Bronn appears to have sent the specimens and list (at von Hauer's request) for the purpose of coiuparing them with his " Cephalopoden," described the previous year from the North German Tertiary Marine Sand (Neues Jahrb. f. Min., etc. (1838), pp. 381-394, pi. iii.), and to check the nomenclature (!) Roemer tells us that he possessed a collection of 300 species, and on comparing the Vienna species with his own, he disagrees with the nomenclature of nine out of thirteen species common to both collections. It need not, therefore, surprise us to find that d'Orbigny did not greatly appreciate von Roemer (see p. 56). - XII., p. ix. ^ See specially the elaborate synonymies of Cristellaria cassis (p. 91), Cristel- laria (Rohulina) cultrata (p. 96), and Polystomella crispa (p. 125), which according to his practice is ascribed to Lamarck. 58 Transactions of the Society. XII. — The Article " Foraminiferes " in the J )igtionnaire Universelle d'Histoire Natdrelle. Carpenter is not quite accurate when he says ^ that d'Orbigny " altogether abandoned the notion of the Cephalopod affinities of the group " in this article in the year 1844, assigning them a place among the Eadiata of (Juvier between the Ecliinodermata and the Polyzoa, and repeats the account verbatim in the Vienna Memoir. This article was published in 1844,- and is practically a condensa- tion of the Introductory portion of the Vienna Memoir, which was written at the same time, and to which he refers the reader, the only innovation being the introduction of the genus Amphorina (see Appendix F., note 2). Nor is ic true that he accepted Dujardin's account of the group '' without the least reference to the real discoverer of its Iiliizopodal character." In the very article which Carpenter thus holds up to scorn, d'Orbigny refers to the " revolution " introduced by Dujardin as " observations which, as I have myself recognized, compel us to separate them not only from the order of tlie Cephalopoda, but even from the class of Mollusca. to relegate them to the lower classes of animals, in which I think they must remain for the future ; " ^ and in 1839 in the Cuba Memoir he had recognized Dujardin's work, as we have seen. There is nothing in this article of importance which is not in the Vienna Memoir, but he slightly modifies the figures in his Tables of Distribution, botli recent and fossil, giving totals of 1631 fossil, and 900 recent. It is only of interest as being virtually the last special contribution of d'Orbigny to the literature of the Foraminifera. It is marred by his curious comparison of the pseud opodia of the Foraminifera to the ambulacral processes of the Echinoderms. We may assume that this article and the Vienna Memoir were synchronous, but that this article was written either after the Introduction to the Vienna Memoir had been drafted, or as a "Prolegomena" to that work. 1 XVII., pp. 7, 8. 2 The date of the publication of this article is of importance to us, and the work having been issued in the popular French form of " livraisons " some confusion has arisen in bibliograpliic references to its volumes. IMessrs. C. D. Sherborn and T. S. Palmer have devoted one of their remarkable bibliographical notes to the work (Ann. and ]\Iag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, iii. (1899), p. 350), from which we can date this article with certainty as above. The title-pages of the avail- able copies are dated 1844, 1848, 1849, and 1861, the earliest date being probably, as Sherborn suggests, a misprint (?) for 1845. The actual date of the publication of the completed volume was January, 1845, as announced in the Bull. Soc. Gecl. France. Livraisons Nos. 49-54 were announced November 4, 1844 ; No. 55, November 18, 1844 ; No. 56, December 16, 1844 ; Nos. 57, 58, January 6, 1845. The "Nouvelle Edition " of 1861 (often not dated), like the editions of 1848 and 1849, is merely a re-issue of the original volumes with new title-pages. 3 XIII., p. 663. Alcide cVOrhigny. 59 XIII. — The "Cours Elementaire" and the "Prodrome," 1849-52. This is the last work of d'Orbigny with which the student of the i'oraminifera has need to be concerned, and though apparently it consists of two works, it is really composed of three parts, which constitute a wdiole/ What strikes one most forcibly when studying the life and work of d'Orbigny is the entliusiasm with which he was always ready to embark upon works of vast extent — witness the " grand ouvrage " of which we have disjecta onembra in the " Tableau Methodique." and the Cuba and Vienna Memoirs, arid others to which I shall have occasion to refer. As Fischer says, " Les grands travaux exercaient sur lui une veritable seduction." - As soon as lie had got the publication of his " Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale " into full swing he devoted the rest of Ills life to Palaeontology,'^ especially that of the lower zoological orders. No collection of fossil Invertebrata existed in Prance, and he set himself to work to form one ; we have seen something of his methods (p. 18), and such was his success that the collection he made, which was acquired by the State after his death (in 1858) for 50,000 francs, numbers more than 100,000 specimens. Armed with this collection as it grew, he undertook the " Paleontologie Frau(;aise," which took from 1840 practically to the date of his death (]857) to publish, and which was twice awarded the Wollaston Fund by the Creological Society of London."^ Among the 3000 species recorded therein 2500 were described for the first time by d'Orbigny.^ Fischer records the sensation which it produced in the scientific world. "^ Before his death d'Orbigny superintended the publication of eight volumes, illustrated by 1000 plates, of this gigantic work, and after his death the Societe Geologique resolved to continue it. Cotteau, Loriol, Deslongchamps, Piette, and Fromental added special portions, but finally it had to be abandoned in its turn for lack both of the means and of scientific workers.'^ Nevertheless, Fischer says of it, " One may say, with- out fear of contradiction, that most provincinl geologists are pupils ^ (1) " Com's Elementaire de PaMontologie et de G^ologie Stratigraphiques." Paris : i., 1849 ; ii., 1852. (With an atlas of 17 folding pis.). (2) " Prodrome de Paleontologie Stratigraphique Universelle des Auimaux IMoUusques et Rayonu6s faisant suite au Cours Elementaire de Paleontologie," etc. Paris : i., 1850 ; ii., 1850 ; iii., 1852. - XXI., p. 435. 3 XVI., p. 830. ■' According to the hiograi^hy in Larousse this was awarded to him twice. It was first awarded to him in 1847, and in the following year (1848) he received one moiety of the Pmid. ' XXII., p. 13 ; XVI., p. 831. « XXI., pp. 441-2. - XXV., pp. 508, 521. 60 Transactions of the Society, of d'Orbigny by the daily use which they make of his work." ^ Whilst it was in progress, he conceived the vaster idea of the " Paleontologie Universelle " — as Gaudry says, " his vision needed vast horizons " - — and not content with this he undertook the " Histoire des MoUusques vivauts et fossiles," ^ and announced a " Cours de Paleontologie generale et appliquee." This programme, which may well be described as staggering, was, in fact, fantastic and chimerical. Perhaps fortunately for him, in the year 1844 F. J. Pictet published the first volume of his " Traite Elementaire de Paleontologie," ^ which alarmed d'Orbigny 's publishers, and the " Cours de Paleontologie Generale " (which was partly in print) was abandoned, and the " Cours Elementaire " was substituted for it. The publication of the "Paleontologie Universelle _ des Coquilles et des MoUusques" was started in 1845, and d'Orbigny was extremely annoyed when Quenstedt in a review stated that it was impossible for a single man to undertake so vast a work. However, several parts were published when the upheaval caused by the Ptevolution of 1848 put a stop to this also. His catalogue of species, however, was practically complete, and as the " Prodrome " it became welded with the " Cours Elementaire " in the manner with which we are familiar.^ The " Prodrome " in its familiar form contains over 18,000 species arranged in stratigraphical order (see infra, pp. 61, 62), and giving 40,000 names in the synonymies.^ ^ XXI., p. 441. D'Orbigny's " Paleontologie Fran(;aise " and its fate may be compared with Goldfuss and ]\Iuuster's " Petrefacta Germanise," which w£|,s similarly designed to describe and illustrate all the fossil Invertebrata of Germany, but it had to be abandoned when the Sponges, Corals, Crinoids, Echinoderms, and a small part of the MoUusca had been dealt with. Three large folio volumes were irablished at Dusseldorf between 1822 and 1844, of which a second edition was issued at Leipzig from 1862-66. - XVI., p. 833. * Of this work, from the first volume of which, published in 1845, I have gathered a few facts (Bibl. XI.), only a small portion was issued. The first volume consisted of 240 pages, and was illustrated by sixteen lithographic plates exquisitely drawn and coloured by hand. The final form was a volume contain- ing these pages and a further 365, making a single volume of 605 pages, which takes the MoUusca down to the end of the Cephalopoda. He tells us (on p. 9) that he was writing upon a basis of over 70,000 notes gathered from the works of previous authors, besides his own collections of actual specimens. < P. J. Pictet : vol. i., 1844 ; ii., 1845 ; iii., 1846 ; iv., 1846. In vol. iv. (p. 213) Foraminifera appear as Class ii. of the " Zoophytes ou Eayonnes," in the second edition, 1853-57 (iv., p. 482), as Class iv. of the same. ' XVI., p. 833 ; XXIL, p. 14 ; XV., pp. ix, xi. " It must, of course, be borne in mind that d'Orbigny's theories of classifica- tion led to a bewildering multiplication of species. The Polyzoan Flustra pilosa Linne is placed in four distinct genera according to its locus of attachment. See on this and other instances XXI., p. 443. He fell iuto--or rather clung to— the same error of classification by external appearance in his works on the Sponges (see XXV., pp. 387 and 397). His work on the Bryozoa in the " Paleontologie Fran(?aise," in which he described and illustrated 319 genera and 1929 species, is so marred by this defect that it was to all intents and purposes ignored by MacCoy, Hagenow, and Haime in their later and more authoritative works on'the group. Alcidc d'Orhigny. 61 He accomplished in fact the ambition of Buffon, and took up the legacy of work which that savant bequeathed to posterity.^ We must consider the vohimes which form the subject-heading of this section in the order of their date, but the three issues are inseparably connected. The " Prodrome " was published between vols. i. and ii. of the " Cours Eleraentaire " ; it was announced as "appearing in a few months" in vol. i. (p. 259, note), and as containing all the evidence upon which his generalizations of all sorts were founded. He tells us it was finished in 1847, but, as in the case of the " Cours de Paleontologie Generale," its publication, which he expected to take place in 1848, was delayed by the Ee volution of that year, and it could not appear before 1849. Vol. i. is dated ISnO. This accounts for the date 1847 appended to a great number of the species enumerated.'-^ It had taken him fourteen years to compose, and was the outcome of more than 200,000 references and evidences.^ He says himself that " the ' Cours Elementaire ' contains the ' conclusions,' the ' Prodrome ' the evidence. They are two works which are really one ; a whole divided into several parts." * The " Prodrome " is quoted as a published work in the first pages of vol. ii. of the " Cours Elemen- taire." The two together set forth the scientific doctrine of d'Orbigny,^ and he says himself, in the Introduction to the " Prodrome," that it is his " profession of faith " (pp. xxxiii and xlix). I have pointed out the factors which led to his institution of a vast number of species, and in the same year that saw the publication of the " Prodrome " he tells us himself ^ that 24,000 distinct species of fossils are known to him. The text elaborated by d'Orbigny in these volumes is that the name and nature of a fossil are of secondary importance compared 1 Buffon, Hist. Nat., Section " IMiueraux," 1st ed. 1783-8, vol. iv. (1786) p. 157. " C'est surtout dans les coquillageset les poissons, premiers habitants du globe que Ton pent compter un plus grand nombre d'especes qui ne subsistent plus ; nous n'entreprendrons pas d'en donner ici Teuum^ration . . . ce travail sur la vieille nature exigerait seul xdIus de temps qu'il ne m'eu reste k vivre, et je ne puis que la recommander a la posterity." Vou Zittel states, however, that d'Orbigny's " Prodrome " was less complete than Bronn's Index Paleontologica (XXV., p. 365). ^ XV., p. lix. D'Orbigny pursued a practice in several of his works, which has been condemned by all naturalists, of appending to his species a MS. date of this kind. It is of course universally accepted that a species must date from the time of its publication, a principle which d'Orbigny himself insisted upon in his various writings upon nomenclature (see p. 65). ^ Fischer commenting upon these figures in 1878 points out that in 1868 Bigsby (Thesaurus Siluricus, London, 1868) had enumerated 8,897 species from the Silurian alone, and that it was probable that by the end of the nineteenth century more than 100,000 would have been enumerated (XXI., p. 444) ^ XV., p. Ivii. " XXI., p. 443. " " Recherches zoologiques sur la marche successive de I'animalization a la surface du globe, depuis les temps zoologiques les plus anciens jusqu'a I'^poque actuelle," Comptes Rendus, Ac. Sci., xxx., 1850. 62 ■ Transactions of the Society. to its age.^ Von Zittel, in his admirable review of d'Orbigny's work,- states the foundation of his theory : — " He divided fossi- liferous rocks into six periods {terrains), and subdivided the first five periods into twenty-seven groups (etages). He selected the names of characteristic localities for the designation of the groups of zones, and followed Thurmann's example in adding the affix ' ien ' to give uniformity to the series." We have referred {ante, p. 17) to his fundamental theory that each stratum was the result of a special renewed act of creation, a theory whose principal apologist was Gaudry, who appears to agree with d'Orbigny that there is nothing fantastic in the idea that an anthropomorphic Deity had twenty-six times intervened in the development of the universe, destroying all previously created beings by great catas- trophal convulsions and starting entirely afresh with a new series of creatures.^ " It was in this manner of grouping creatures and of considering Palaeontology that the originality of d'Orbigny is found," says Fischer ; * " he affirmed that a number of times all the species of animals had disappeared to give place to new forms. In each of his zones he noted the appearance, the extinction of orders, of families, and of species. In a word he established the doctrine of successive creations." It is not necessary in this place to deal with this I'undamental error ; the successive criticisms of Barrande, of Darwin, of Philippi, of Deshayes, of Archiac, and a host of other writers have annihilated the d'Orbignyan theory, whilst rendering just tribute to the great services which d'Orbigny rendered to Paleontology ibunded upon that theory. Tlie theory after all originated with Cuvier, whose views he elaborated, and ]&lie de Beaumont supported him.^ " No doubt," says Gaudry, " the first glory of this idea belonged to Cuvier and to Brongniart ; in France, in Germany, and especially in England, many geologists have developed it; but no one fought for it more strenuously than d'Orbigny, and no one has worked harder to promulgate it; "'^ and in a later passage (p. 846), " if we compare the Palaeontology of to-day with, what it was in the days of Cuvier and Brongniart, its original founders, one sees what immense progress it has made, and everyone must admit that d'Orbigny was one- of those who ^ XXI., p. 445. He illustrates his text by pointing out as a rednctio ad absurdum that if this course is not adopted a historian noting the likeness between Napoleon I. and some of the Roman Emperors might assign Napoleon to the Capitol, and those Boman Emperors to the Tuileries (XV., pp. xv and xxv). But this was a somewhat two-edged argument in the face of his own classification of the Foraminifera and other groups (Bryozoa, Sponges) by external appear- ances only. 2 XXV., p. 507. = XVI., pp. 835, 838, 841. ■■ XXI., p. 445. ' As Prof. Marcellin Boulo has put it, " The ideas of d'Orbigny are in some respects a contini;ation of those of Cuvier. With the geologist Elie de Beaumont, he took up and exaggerated the theory of cataclysms." See " La Paleontologie au Museum et I'ffiuvre de M. Albert Gaudry," Revue Scientifique, May 28, 1904. ^ XVI., p. 837. Alcide cVOrhigny, 65 liave to it its strongest impulsion." ^ It must be remembered also that Agassiz in 1845 wrote a monograph in which he questioned the conclusions of Philippi and his school, and reached others which find a remarkable parallel in those of d'Orbigny. It is here that we find the early history of the contest between the Uniformitarian and the Catastrophal theories.'-^ It followed naturally that d'Orbigny and his followers regarded the creation of man as Catastrophal: "for his privileged creature God could arrest the ordinary course of Nature." ^ To adopt the terminology of a more recent date, d'Orbigny, Elie de Beaumont, and Gaudry (though to a lesser degree) were whole-souled Vitalists. It follows from this that d'Orbigny attached the highest im- portance to fossils as zone-determinants. As von Zittel points out : " d'Orbigny thought it possible to base stratigraphy wholly upon palieontological features, more especially upon the occurrence of MoUusca, Echinodermata, and Coelenterata " * — he might have added, and of Foraminifera. This makes its first appearance in the Paris Chalk Memoir, where he lays down an axiom that found its echo and reiteration in all his later works : — " The comparative study of the fossil Foraminifera of all zones has proved to me a fact of geological importance : it is that each zone has its cha-. racteristic species, by which it may be recognized in whatever circumstances that can occur ; and these little shells being in- finitely more common than those of Mollusca, the application of them which we can make is so much the more certain and be- comes extremely interesting." ^ He elaborates this theory at great length in the Vienna Memoir,^ in the " Prodrome," '^ and in the " Dictionnaire Universelle." ^ The most direct contradiction of the theory comes, as we might expect, from Carpenter, who, after reviewing shortly the geological record, observes : — " No other group aftbrds anything like the same evidence, on the one hand, of the derivation of a multitude of distinguishable forms from a few primitive types, and,' on the other, of the continuity of ' Gaudry's views upon evolution were based upon an erroneous premise. He argued that the Sponges and Foraminifera are the most elementary of the Radiata, the Echinoderms the most developed, and that therefore the Echinoderms must have developed later than the Sponges and the Foraminifera, and he states the erroneous postulate that the Echinoderms are more numerous in the early geological ages than the Sponges and Foraminifera (XVI., p. 839). This of course is not the case. But, as Gaudry points out (p. 847), Palaeontology was at the time when he wrote only a study of the last fifty years. - For a reasoned discussion of the principles involved see XXV., pp. 197, 379. ^ XVI., pp. 838, 847. ^ XXV., p. 507. Of. Gaudry writing in 1858, "The more d'Orbigny's ideas gain ground, the more we shall believe that the fossils, strictly confined in certain strata, serve as means of recognition not-only of the principal groups of the periods, but also of their sub-divisions — and the more also will pala3ontology gain in importance." •' X., p. 4. « XII., p. xxiii et seq. ■ XV., pp. xxxix et seq. ** XIII., p. 670. 64 Transactions of the Society. those types through a vast succession of geological epochs." I'ut Carpeuiber was to some extent at fault here, for, as we have shown in another place, the earliest recorded Furaminifera were of types which are far from primitive.^ It must be admitted that d'Orbigny arms his opponents with a powerful argument in the course of his passionate plea for the necessity of combining zoological with palseontological knowledge, and both with geology. He points out that the palaeontologists and geologists, ignorant of each other's special branch of science, have given to the same form many different names, both generic and specific - — a two-edged argument, such as may be often found scattered through his works. At the same time, it must be con- ceded that he did not spare his own faults whilst criticizing those of others ; ^ in the "Prodrome" he remarks with some quaintness, " I have revised my own works with the more severity, as I was not afraid of offending the author, whom I am far from regarding as infallible."* D'Orbigny's plea was far from acceptable to a certain section of contemporary geologists. On the publication of the first volume of the " Paleontologie Franc^aise," in which it was voiced, Constant Prevost made himself their spokesman ; he wrote in 1845 : " I protest against the daily growing abuse of the applica- tion of Palffiontology to Geology." ^ But Fischer tells us that the d'Orbignyan school was in no way discouraged by these fulmina- tions.^ JD'Orbigny prided himself on his patience under criticism, and states his aversion to scientific polemics ; but this was after he had devoted twelve pages to a fairly pungent reply to the criticisms of Quenstedt,'' to which he returned with some force, later. It follows from what has gone before that d'Orbigny 's nomen- clature is frequently terrifying in its vastness of ramification. The system upon which he proceeded is set forth at great length in the " Prodrome,"* and is practically that adopted by the Inter- * Heron-Allen and Earland, in Jouru.' Quekett Micr. Club, ser. 2, xii. (1913), p. 3 (see also p. 72 infra). - XV., pp. xi, xii. ^ Gf. the corrections and the suppressions contained in the Cuba IMemoir, to which he especially refers, saying : " I set more store upon perfecting my method, and on wiping out the errors that I may have made, than upon the conceit of preserving my earlier work intact " (VII., p. 36). Thus he made subgenera of Dendritina and Spirolina (Ibid. pp. 58, 62). * XV., p. Ivi. I have referred [ante, p. 17) to the multiplication of species brought about by his theory of successive creations. '■< Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 2, ii., p. 374. See also Fischer, post, p. 69. " Cf. his return to this subject in XI., pp. 8, 9, where he deals with the necessity of zoological knowledge in classifying the fossil MoUusca. ' XV., pp. xii, XX, xxii, xxvii. D'Orbigny appears to have been the first seriously to criticize Quenstedt's obstinate I'estriction of his views to what he could learn from the Jurassic of Wurtemberg, without comparing his observations with those of any other -authors. Quenstedt's compatriot Von Zittel entirely endorsed d'Orbigny's strictures (XXV., p. 506). * XV., pp. xxxviii et seq., xlvi, 1 et seq. This is an elaboration of the principles which he laid down in the " MoUusques vivants et fossiles " in 1845. See XI., pp. 103 et seq. JOURN. R. MICR. SOC. 1917, PI. IX. Rotalie Ho^jA Lam. '•") Plate IX. Reduced (^) facsimile of the Planche inedite of " Rotalla. Figs. I — 4, Discorbina rosea ; 5 — 10, Cymbalopora poeyi ; 11 — 14, Rotalia marginata ; nom. nud. I Alcide d'Orhifjny. 65 national Congress Committee, save for the habit to which I have referred of claiming the authorship of species which he had re- moved to other genera. In the " Prodrome " he cites 668 species of Foraminifera, besides twenty-six species not named, but noted under their genera in his 19th fitage (Albien)/ Many of these species have disappeared as completely as those of the " Tableau Methodique," either from being never heard of again, or from being swallowed up in the synonymies of other species. The earliest recorded is Fusulina eyiindrica Fischer (see ante, p. 56) from the Carboniferous {Carhonifcrien) ; the next — his own earliest records — from the Lias {Liasien), eighteen species communicated to him by Olry Terquem.- In the "Toarcien," with^he exception of Phicopsilina scorpionis (= Webbina), the five species are from the Vienna Memoir. His synonymies are often incomplete or mis- leading. For instance, in the " Bajocien" he cites Cristellaria gibba as new (1847), giving the first record as that of Eoemer (Robulina, 1839), ignoring his own records of 1826 and 1839 on the ground that these were of recent specimens, a system of selection which, regard being had to his admitted principles of differentiation of species, is very confusing. In the " Bathonien " he claims the Alga Conodictyura as a new Foraminifer, having removed it from Conipora (d'Archiac) ; and Polytrema appears as a Zoophyte, though Dujardin had pointed out its Foraminiferal nature in 1835 and 1841. In the " Corallien " he cites the fossil fruit Goniolina ]ie,ri(gona; in the " Neocomien " he includes Cornuel's Planularia as his own, in the genus Vaginulina. In the " Albien," as we have seen {supra), he gives no specific names ; in the " Cenomanien " there are a few new species cited, the rest being from Vienna ; in the " Turonien " all the species are new ; in the " Senonien " (Upper Chalk) the species are mostly from the Paris IMemoir. In the " Parisien " we find Dactylopora removed from Polytripa (Defrance) and claimed by d'Orbigny," and Nummulites variolaria similarly removed and claimed from Lamarck. These instances, among many others, give an idea of what is to be found in the sections devoted to Foraminifera in the " Prodrome." He had in addition a confusing habit of adding the prefixes sub- ' There is no explanation of why these species were not named, and even the numbers appended to them are ecceijtric. In vol. ii. of the " Cours E16meutaire " he states that he cited 657 species characteristic of their respective zones. It must he borne in miud that all the references in the " Prodrome" to the " Tableau IMethodique " (which are dated 1825) appear to be wrongly paged, for the reason that d'Orbigny did not give a reference to the original in the Ann. Sci. Nat., but to one of the reprints issued with the Models, which were re-paginated. This is perhaps one of the earliest examples of the pernicious practice of quoting pagina- tion from a reprint instead of from the original article. - XV., vol. i., p. 241. Terquem did not himself begin to publish the results of his studies of the Lias of the filoselle and elsewhere till 1858. ^ Besides Dactylopora, we find here among the Foraminifera the false genera Acicularia and Oviilites. (See XVII., pp. 127, 137, 179.) Feh. i31st. 1917 r 66 Transactions of the Society. and pseud- to earlier specific names, and claiming them as new d'Orbignyan species — thus : Textularia suh-elongata d'Orb. for T. elongata Cornuel/ Fr07idic'ularia 'pseudo-ovata d'Orb. for F. ovata Phil.'-^ It will be readily appreciated that any reference to the " Prodrome " in synonymies, though often justifiable and valuable, must be made with very great care. It must also be borne in mind that his new family Cyclostegues (see ante, p._26) appeared and disappeared with this work.^ It was d'Orbigny's announced intention ^ to issue a yearly Supplement to the " Prodrome," and he begged authors of papers on the MolJusca^nd Eadiata to give him notice of their papers to that end. No such Supplement, however, was ever issued, a failure of an "intention which, how^ever praiseworthy in itself, one cannot help being thankful was never realized. Immediately after the publication of vol. iii. of the " Prodrome " in 1852, the second volume of the " Cours Elementaire " made its appearance. We need not refer to any other section than that devoted to the Foraminifera (p. 189), where they are placed as the second division of the Zoophytes — " Zooj)hytes Globuleux." This section is mainly interesting as containing his latest expressed views upon the group. The general introduction, which is very short, is a condensation of that in the Vienna Memoir, and the text is an analysis of genera only, no species being named, excepting in the legends to the seventeen woodcuts which illustrate it. Of these, eleven are reproduced from the Vienna, one from the Paris, and one from the South American Memoirs. The figures, which are new so far as d'Orbigny's work is concerned, are : — Fig. 316. Orhitoides media (this figure is repeated in part iv., p. 689, fig. 557).^ „ 318. Marginulina harpula (repeated at p. 475, fig, 427). „ 322. Nummulitcs plamdata (of which the middle figure appears to be an Anomalina). ^ „ 323. Nummulitcs mimmularia? » XV., vol. ii., p. 111. - XV., vol. iii., p. 153. Not to multiply instances, I may refer to Dentalina striata d'Orb., 1826, which is ignored by Sherborn, but is claimed by d'Orbigny here (vol. iii., p. 152) as the original, and therefore the correct name of Nodosaria acicula (Phil., 1844). ^ See XVII., pp. 7, 105. ' XV., p. Ix. ^ The genus Orbitoides was first instituted by d'Orbigny in 1847 for the recep- tion of a peculiar fossil brought from the United States by Sir C. Lyell, who had noticed it (Q.J. Geol. Soc, iv., p. 12) under the name of Nummtdites mantelli previously conferred upon it by its discoverer Morton. I have not, however, been able to discovt r that d'Orbigny gave any definition of the genus previously to the publication of the second volume of his " Prodrome," in which he characterizes it by a portion of the de cription which he afterwards more fully gave in his " Cours Elementaire," ii., p. 194 (XVIL, p. 298). See Appendix P., note. '^ It might equally be taken to be identical with his Rotalina voltziana, of the Paris Chalk Memoir (pi. ii., fig. 33). ^ The figures which inake up tlie composite illustration of this species are very iamiliar, the vertical section having done duty in many works both before and since Alcide d'Orhlgny. 67 The section concludes witli a " liesinne geologi<|ue sur les Eoraminiferes." He condenses his views on geological distribu- tion from the Vienna Memoir, as also his views on geographical distribution {ante, p. 5()), and his statements as to the occurrence of recent forms is as generalized, and consequently incomplete, as before. The section is "illustrated" in the Atlas of "Talaleaux," issued with vol. ii. in 1852, by plate 14, which gives ^ in a tabular form a " Repartition des Genres et des Especes de Foraminiferes k la surface du globe terrestre depuis le commencement de I'Animalization Jusqu'a I'epoque actuelle," in which the genera are set out in the order of their appearance in the geological record (beginning with Fusulina), with a series of signs denoting their appearance, disappearance, maximum, minimum, and so on. Later in the volume he repeats bis theory of successive creations for all his twenty-seven zones and their extinction seriatim — which, as we have not yet had occasion to remark, made its first appearance — which he announces here as Q,Jact — in the " Paleontologie Fran('aise " (vol. ii.', p. 423).- He goes so far in this place as to set down as another fact, that there are no intermediate links between the fauna of one zone and that of its succesijor — everything lias been radically changed from zone to zone by Catastrophal Destruction {aneantissement brusque). It is noticeable also that even in this last work of his upon the Foraminifera he again ignores the genus Lagena, though he must have known of the work of Williamson, whose paper on the genus had been published in 1848,^ and who appears in his list of correspondents in the " Prodrome." Indeed, as I close these terminal leaves of d'Orbigny's published work on the group, I am forcibly reminded of Dr. A. D. Godley's " Address by a Professor to his Lecture " — " Though Truth enlarge her ■widening range, And Knowledge be with Time increased. While Thou, my Lecture ! dost not change The least, But fixed, immutable amidst The advent of a newer Lore Maintain est calmly what thou didst Before t " 1850 (it appeared, I think, for the first time as fig. 4 on pi. iii., in Carpenter's first paper on the Foraminifera in 1849 (see note 1, p. 71), and again in the first edition of his work on the Microscope in 1856). The other three may be original asin Memoir, and had noted many of the Cretaceous forms in the " Tableau Methodique " in 1825.- Unfortunately, Ehrenberg's magnum opus, the " Mikro- geologie," is so vast and confused a work, so difficult of reference, and so discounted by his practice of figuring only species as viewed by transmitted light, as to be practically useless to the systematist ^ (vide ante, p. 56). It was Ehrenberg, also, who first called attention to the presence of glauconitic casts of Foraminifera in the Green- sands that occur from the .Silurian upwards.** We need not stop to consider the classification proposed by Schultze in 1854, which left much to be corrected, and that of Bronn in 1859, which was a combination of the systems of d'Orbigny and Schultze. It was, however, Schultze who first — after Dujardin, whose observations he confirmed — made any systematic study of the living animal.^ He recognized the truth of d'Orbigny's axiom, that a few months of what may be called "field-work," properly directed, is worth more than an entire life- time spent consulting compilations in the studio.^ I have referred to some of d'Orbigny's unaccountable sins of omission, liis failure for many years to recognize the genus Lagena (ante, p. 52) ' and Bolivina (ante, p. 53 ). That he should have entirely ignored the Foraminiferal nature of Nubecularia is remark- able, for it is one of the commonest of the Mediterranean forms, and must have been present in great quantity in his material, showing the highly distinctive Textularian, Eotalian, and Nodo- sarian arrangements of chambers which are a feature of this protean genus, though Carpenter says ** that his Wchhina ricgosa ^ was referable to Nubecularia, a determination of the correctness of which I am far from being assured. It would be impossible to ' C. G. Ehrenberg, "Ueber die Bildung der Kreidefelsen und des Kreide- mergels durch i;ns;chtbar Organismeu," Abhandl. k. Akad. Wiss., Berlin (1838), 1839, pp. 59-147, pis. i.-iv. ^ See XXV., pp. 244, 326, 383. Ehrenberg would appear to have been the first to make microscopic examination of thin sections of Foraminifera, but he fell into the error of regarding them as Bryozoa. •* " Mikrogeologie : Das Wirken des unsichtbaren Kleinen Lebens auf der Erde," 2 vol., fcl., Leipzig, 1854. Parker and Jones made an heroic effort to make this work available to the student of the Foraminifera in their " Nomenclature," Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, ix. (1872), pp. 211-230, 280-303 ; x. (1872), pp. 184-200, 253-271 ; and appendix, pp. 453-457. * His first paper on the subject was his "Ueber den Griinsand und seine Erlauterung des organischen Lebens," Abhandl. k. Ak. Wiss. Berlin (1855), pp. 85-176, pi. i.-vii. This was followed by several other papers in the same and following years. (See Sherborn's Bibliography.) ^ M. S. Schultze, " Ueber den Organismus der Polythalamien (Foramini- feren)," etc., Leipzig, 1854. " XV., p. xv. ' We must bear in mind in this connexion the imperfections of his earlier microscopes. Even in 1839 he regarded the smallest Foraminifera as measuring "no more than a half, a quarter, or even a sixth of a millimetre " (VII., p. viii). >* XVII., p. 69. " VIII., pi. i., figs. 16-18; XII., pi. xxi., figs. 11-12. 74 Transactions of tlie Society. point out within the scope of this work the numberless misplaced affinities arising from the d'Orbignyan system of classitication. Carpenter never spares him, and, whilst rendering thus a great service to Ehizopodists, he is, in my opinion, too insistent in his scorn of d'Orbigny, the fundamental error having once been clearly established. The infinitesimal variations from type which he admitted as of sufficient importance to deserve specific rank have been referred to, but it is rather staggering, regard being had to his immense number of shadowy species of Miliolida-, to find him saying that " We should find it difficult to find genera more distinct from one another than those of this order. They present forms so clearly differentiated that there are really no passage forms among them, and a few hours' study will always be sufficient to enable us to distinguish between them." ^ The forms, in point of fact, graduate into one another so insensibly that it is very difficult to draw any sharp lines of demarcation between them.- Only a working systematist can appreciate the wild luxuriousness of his imagina- tion when dealing with the Eotalhie forms, of which Brady has justly said, " most of his species are quite worthless, some of them not even representing varietal distinctions of sufficient permanence to notice." ^ No doubt some of d'Orbiguy's critics regarded him as a lunatic, doubtless he was a lover, and most certainly he was a poet, and one is tempted to quote Theseus in the " Midsummer's Night's Dream," and to think that sometimes "his eye in a fine frenzy rolling " gave to airy nothings " a local habitation and a name." It is curious also that d'Orbigny should not have expressed more correct views upon the genus Amphistegina (which does not seem to have arrested the attention of any previous observer), for, as I have pointed out {ante, p. 11), the material at his disposal was practically unlimited, most of the little bottles at La Rochelle con- taining pure gatlierings of this genus, presenting all its variations of form. His description was, as Carpenter says, taken upon trust by all his followers, and its true nature was not revealed until Williamson discussed its minutest structure in 1861.* It is perhaps unfair to take d'Orbigny to task for his superficial errors in dealing with the Nummulites ; as we have seen {a7ite, p. 19) he was afraid of them, and 1 cannot help remarking that this is an attitude which appears to have been adopted by many eminent Geologists and Ehizopodists since his day. » XII., p. 25G. - See especially W. K. Parker's paper, " On the ]\Iiliolitidfe of the East Indian Seas," Trans. Micr. Soc, London, n.s., vi. (1858), pp. 53-59, pi. v. ' H. B. Brady, " On the Rhizopodal Fauna of the Shetlands," Trans. Linn. Soc. London (Zool.) xxiv. (1864), p. 469. ■* W. C. Williamson, " On the Minute Structure of the Calcareous Shells of some recent Species of Foramiuifera," Trans. Micr. Soc, London, iii. (1851), pp. 105-128, pis. xvii., xviii. Alcidc cCOrhvjny. 75 For the verdict of posterity, then, we come back to the opening paragraph of the present work. Many have been the eulogies Ijronounced upon him by writers of a later age by no means blind to his faults. Their views are summed up by von Zittel, who is unsparing of whatever praise is due to him, when he says, " The chief merit of d'Orbigny's works is their remarkable precision and lucidity of statement w^hich opened their contents to Geologists of all nations, and enabled them to exert a great influence upon literature." ' At the present day the general tendency among Geologists in France is to adhere firmly to d'Orbigny's sub-divisions and nomenclature, and where necessary to form sub-groups and sub-stages.'- Even though the bases of his classification be panoplied with the dim magnificence of myth, even though his system of nomenclature has j^roduced results which strike terror to the heart of the most sturdy systematist, so long as the Foraminifera engage the attention of Zoologists, of Geologists, of Biologists, one name must always stand at the head of those of their predecessors, one name must recur continually in their work, one name must always be held in an esteem which may be described as affectionate, and that is the name of Alcide d'Orbigny. XVI. — Some d'Oebignyan Species." It is not necessary to refer further than has been done in the foregoing pages, and in Appendices E, F, to the genera which, originally instituted by d'(Jrbigny, have disappeared by absorption into other well-known genera ; but there are a few which fill the Systematic Ehizopodist with a justifiable curiosity, species of highly typical appearance which he figured adequately in his Memoirs, but which, as such, have disappeared excepting as herein- after noted. These are the genera Conulina, Cuneolina, Unilo- culina, and Cruciloculina ; and to them may be added a fifth — Iloialia duhia, a species which has recently made a sensational reappearance after suffering an eclipse of ninety years. Into this category also might have entered Paronina flahdli- formis, of which he not only gave a figure in the Atlas to the "Tableau Methodique " (pi. x., figs. 10, 11), but also supplied a Model (No. 5()). He recorded it from Madagascar in 1826, and described it as not having been found elsewhere in 1839,* and again in 184G, when he figured it once more. He described it as ' XXV., p. 507. " Ibid., p. 525. See also Marcellin Bovile, " The divisions which he cstabli.shed in the series of the Secondary Epoch have been but slightly modified ; his nomen- clature is still universally adopted" (Revue Scientifique, May 28, 1904). = This section is written in collaboration with mv friend Arthur Earland. * I., p. 260, No. 1 ; VII., p. 25 ; XII., p. 72. 76 Transactions of the Society. common, and as allied to Frondicularia (which it does not in the least resemble except slightly as to outline), and named it after the somewhat rare alga Ulva (Fadina) j^avonia. Carpenter did not toucli it, but Parker and Jones, going by the figures and Model, suggested in 1863 that "possibly it is a symmetrical Peneroplis ; more probably a semidiscoidal modification of Orbito- lites/'^ and in 1865, as "perhaps an Orbiculina." '-^ Brady, how- ever, found it again in sand from IMadagascar in 1877 (or from the Seychelles ; perhaps from both), and we have given a full account of its reappearance when we described and figured it as a fairly common species from the Kerimba Archipelago.^ CoNULiNA appears first, as a Stichostegue, in the Cuba Memoir,* as having been found there ; d'Orbigny promises a Model of it, No. 101 in the mysterious "Fifth Instalment,"^ and gives a figure (pi. i., figs. 15, 16) of the only species of the genus C. conica, which is here reproduced in Plate X, fig. 1. In the Vienna Memoir he repeats the diagnosis an^i the figure, adding nothing. It is, as its name denotes, a perfectly regular, laterally compressed €one, about twice as Ijroad as it is long, with a vast number of closely set sutural lines apparently denoting flat, discoid chambers. The aperture is cribrate, consisting of a quantity of coarse foramina on the surface of the ultimate chamber. It was stated by lieuss and Fritsch to be a '■ living " or recent form, when they attempted a Model of it in 1861, which, however, carries us no farther, as they constructed their Model presumably from d'()rbigny's description and figures.*^ D'Orbigny in 1850 described another and gigantic species, C. irregularis, 12 mm. in length, from the Chalk (Etage 21""^, Turonien) of five districts in France, but this is a nomcn nudum? And there d'Orbigny leaves it. The description of the genu by d'Orbigny is unsatisfactory in so far that it gives no clue to the texture of the shell, but he remarks that it approaches Ortho- cerina in its general form, which would appear to be sufficient to preclude an arenaceous test. Pieuss in his catalogue places it among the Arenacea, but on what grounds there is no evidence. Parker and Jones,'^ basing their surmise on the position assumed ^^ XVIII., p. 440. - XIX., p. 27. They call it " Pavouia, possibly a misprint for Pavonina." It was : the misprint was their own, however. ^ See XXVII., p. GS3, and Proc. Zool. Soc., London (1915), p. 295, where the previous references are given in full and discussed. They are somewhat confusing. ■ * VII., p. 24. •■ See Appendix D. '■' The Reuss-Fritsch Models, intended to supplement and complete the Models of d'Orbigny, were issued in 1S61 with a catalogue which is reproduced verbatim by Parker and Jones (XIX., pp. :!7-41). There would appear to have been a second issue of them in 1865, referred to by Sherboru as the originals "Issued later." The numbering of these as given by Sherborn in his "Index of the Foraminifera " (paasim) is entirely different to that in the 18G1 catalogue, and appears to follow no order of classification at all akin to that of the principal issue and catalogue. ' XV., vol. ii., p. 210, No. 35G. « XIX., p. 38. Alcide d'Orhigny. 77 by Eeuss, suggest Litiiola nautiloiclea Lam. The locality given by d'Orbigny, "living in the Island of Cuba and the Antilles," appears to us to furnish a much more probable explanation of its affinity. By far the most abundant Foraminifer in shallow water in the West Indies is Orhlculina adunca (F, & M.), which occurs in endless varieties from nautiloid to discoid, and, more rarely, in an elongate crozier form.^ The crozier portion is occasionally of (piite small proportion to the series of produced chambers, and if the spiral crozier portion were broken away or suppressed, as some- times occurs in Peneroplis,'- a structure resembling d'Orbigny's figure, with a cribrate terminal surface, would result. We have, therefore, no hesitation in referring the genus Conulina to this variety of Orbiculina adunca. CuNEOLiNA appears first, as an Enallostegue, in the Cuba Memoir, recorded as a fossil from the Chalk and Greensand of the mouths of the Charente. Ot this he likewise announces a ghost- model, iSTo. 110 in the "Fifth Instalment," but he gives no figure until he repeats the same diagnosis of the genus in the Vienna Memoir and figures the species C. pavonia (pi. xxi, figs. 50-52) ; we reproduce this figure in Plate X, fig. 2. He also cites without any description two other species, C. conica and C. Flcuriausa (or * Fieuriausiana).^ In the " Prodrome " he cites all three species from the Etage 20'"® (Cenomanien) of the Chalk, merely saying that C. conica is narrower than G. pavonia, and C. Fleuriaitsa is narrower still.* Carpenter recognizes this species and reproduces d'Orbigny's figure,^ and his description of it is excellent. He says it is " nothing less than a Textularian, which is extremely compressed in a direction transverse to the normal direction of its compression ; for if we could imagine a Textularian with globose chambers to be composed of a plastic substance, it can easily be conceived that whilst, by pressure applied to the two axial faces, those two faces n:iight be extended and thinned out until they represented the flat triangular shape which distinguishes Cuneolina (each face being divided by the axial line on the two sides of which the two series of chambers would still be disposed), a like pressure being applied to the two margins would flatten the two series of chambers against one another so as to convert what were before the margins into lateral faces and to bring what were before the axial faces into the condition of margins " (see Plate X, fig. 2). The only discordant opinion as to the relation of Cuneolina with Textularia is that of Schlumberger,^ expressed in a short note in which, in a ^ See A. Earland, "On Orbiculina adunca (P. & M.) and its Varieties," Journ. Quekett Micr. Club, ser. 2, vi. (1898), pp. 88-92. - Cf. Monalysidium polita Chapman. (See XXVII., p. 603.) '' VII., p. 150; XII., p. 253, pi. xxi., figs. 50-52. ' XV., vol. ii., p. 186. '- XVII., p. 193, pi. xii., fig. 17. " C. Schlumberger, "Note sur le Genre Cuneolina," Bull. Soc. G6ol. France, ser. 3, xi. (1883), pp. 272-3. 78 Transactions of the Societij. single paragraph, he, oti the ground of some observations which he appears to have made by means of sections, denies the relationship to Textularia and places the genus in the group of Orbitolina. He gives no figures, and does not appear to have written further on the subject. K. Martin ^ refutes Schlumberger's observations and confirms Carpenter's conjecture as to its relationship {supra). Goes '' describes and figures an abnormal Textularian, as " very common," in the Caribbean Sea, which in its lateral compression strongly suggests d'OrbiLjny's Cuneolina. Goes rei'ers it to Textularia troclms d'Orb., but at this date Goes was differentiatino- specific forms to a very limited extent only, and the form which he figures bears only a most distant rehitionship with d'Orbigny's Cretaceous species T. trochus. Finally, in going through Mr. Edward J. Halkyard's slides and material from the Blue Marl (Bartonien) of the Cote des Basques, Biarritz, and in preparing Ins MS. for publication, we have found a species, named by Halky;trd Textularia. hiarntzensis, which is clearly referable to tliis genus. His description and figures, with our observations thereupon, will be published in due course in the Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. Uniloculina makes its first appearance in the Cuba Memoir among the Agathistegues, as a recent form from the Indian coast, and in the Vienna Memoir he gives a figure, and announces in both places another mysterious Model, No. 1 11 oT the " Fifth Instalment."^ Keuss-Fritsch attempt a Model (iSTo. 16 : JSTo. 82 in Sherborn). D'Orbigny's species U. indica is clearly a particularly reniforin (or kidney-shaped) type of the early, or " adelosine " stage of a strongly sulcate Miliolina (cf. 3f. pulchella). It need not, there- fore, detain us (see Plate X, fig. o) ;* and the same course mi^^ht be taken with Ceuciloculina, which has exactly the same d'Orbign\ an history as Uniloculina,^ and is, in addition, figured for the first time in the South American Memoir (pi. ix, figs. 11, 12), in its only species, C. triangtUarisJ^ It was found only on the Para- gonian coast, and is merely a variety of Miliolina tricarinata, * K. Martin, " Untersuchungen ueber den Bau von Orbitolina (Patellina auct.) von Borneo." Paleontologie van Nederlandsch, Indie. Verb., No. 29, pp. 86- 108, in Jabrb. Mijn. Ned. Ost Indie., xvii. (1889). See p. 102. - A. Goes, " On the Reticularian Rhizopoda of tbe Caribbean Sea.'" K. Svenska Vet. Ak. Handl., xix., No. 4 (1882), p. 80, pi. v., figs. 167-170; pi. vi., figs. 171-2. 3 VII., p. 161 ; XII., p. 261, pi. xxi., fig. 53-54. * Parker refers to tbe genus and giv.'S a figure (op. cit., p. 74. note 2, fig. 1), and it bas been referred to in systematic works, but it has only been revived or accepted by Terquem in his paper on the Dunkerque Foramiidfera (Paris (1875 -6), pt. 3, p. 132, pi. xvii., figs. 8a, 6), who gives the name Uniloculirfi orbignyi to a somewhat similar megalospberic primordial stage of a sulcate Militliua, probably M. bicornis. We have found identical specimens of this stage of Miliolina pulchella in the shore sands at Chatelaillon. ' VII., p. 182 ; XII.. p. 280, pi. xxi., fig. 57. « IX., p. 72, pi. ix., figs. 11, 12. Alcide cVOrhigny. * 79 whoso aperture is practically closed, by four valves converging towards the centre with a cruciform space between them/ It is questionable whether it really is entitled to specific, to say nothing of generic rank, but it is the same class of shell as Schlumberger's Triloculma fulgwrata and T. fischeri, which are characterized by remarkable dendritine apertures.' It may also be compared with Munier-Chalmas and Schluniberger's genus Idalina, or indeed any of the " Miliolidees trematophorees." ^ ( Jarpenter devotes some attention to this genus and reproduces d'Orbigny's figure. How- ever, this exact form of Miliolid does not appear to have been observed or recorded since d'Orbigny's celebrated voyage (see Plate X, tig. 4). A more remarkable resurrection than oven that of Pavonina was tlie identitication by Earland and myself of the lost d'Orbignyan species Rotalia duhia, of which almost all that can be said at present with certainty is that it is not a Rotalia. The form made its re-appearance, after a lapse of nearly a century, in the material lirought from the Kerimba Archipelago by Dr. J. J. Simpson, which formed the subject of our recent monograph on the locality (Bibl. XXVII. ), and there can be no doubt that d'Orbigny's specimens — or specimen, for we have only found one among his types in Paris — came from the same material as his Favonina JlabeUiformis. We published a preliminary note on the species,* v/hich we may usefully repeat and amplify. When we tirst discovered the specimens we were unable to assign them to any definite position, although their rhizopodal nature was unquestionable. Subsequent research caused us to associate the forms with Fornasini's published figure, which we reproduce (Plate X, fig. 5), ^ representing d'Orbigny's original sketch of a form to which he gave this name in the " Tableau Methodique." ^ Fornasini's opinion was that the rhizopodal nature of d'Orbigny's organism was more than douljtful, his opinion, however, being based entirely upon Berthelin's tracing of d'Orbigny's original sketch. It must be borne in mind that Fornasini's figure represents merely Berthelin's tracing from one of the direct sketches of d'Orbigny (see ante, p. 36, Division Y), the surface markings or papillae being merely partially indicated. We thereupon proceeded to verify Fornasini's figure, and to compare our specimens with the original type-specimen in Paris, and we had no hesitation in deciding that the two forms were 'o > See XVII., pp. 75, 80, pi. vi., fig. 15. - C. Schlumberger, " Peuille des Jeunes Naturalistes," Ann. xiii. (1S83), p. 107, pi. ii., figs. 1, 2. ' See Bull. Soc. G6ol., Prance, ser. 3, xiii., pp. 273 et sea. * XXVII, p. 546. ^ C. Porna>iai, " Illustrazione di Specie Orbignyane di Nodosaridi, etc., istituite nel 1826," Mem. Ace. Sci. 1st., Bologna, Ser. 6, v. (1908) p. 46, pi. i., fig. 14. « I., p. 274, No. 34. 80 Transactions of the Society. identical, altbougli d'Orbiguy's species is only represented by a single water-worn individual, wbereas the Kerimba dredgings have furnished us with two or three distinct stages of growth, or possil)ly species, of the genus. Some are spherical and relatively smooth, others are oval and coarsely papillate. D'Orbiguy's type-specimen is of the latter kind. We have now also identified specimens of the organism from Cebu, Philippine Islands (45 fms.), and the Java Sea (50 fms.), so that it would appear to be widely distributed. Quite recently Joseph Wright of Belfast has found specimens of the form in sands from Mauritius, both of tlie round and oval papillate types. The exact affinities of the form are, however, still very obscure, and, pending further investigation and the discovery of further specimens, we merely recorded it under d'Orbigny's original name in our Table of Species and Varieties in the Kerimba Monograpli. It will almost certainly require the establishment of a new genus, if not of a new sub-family. XVII. — The Fokaminifera of the Biscayan Coast of France IN THE Neighbourhood of La Eochelle. In the opening section I have spoken of Esnandes, and in a subsequent note (p. 12) I have given some details upon the town of Chatelaillon. In all d'Orbigny's works he refers so frequently to the palaeontology of these two districts that it is clear that he took full advantage of his propinquity to the latter, and to his residence in the former, to make a very extensive and minute examination of the geological strata which occur at both. It is therefore not a little remarkable that whilst out of the wealth of recent Foraminifera of the shores he only gave the district as the liabitat of two species of Polymorphina (see ante, p. 11), from the wealth of fossil forms which must indubitably occur in the beds at ])oth places he recorded no forms at all.^ We have not examined these beds for Foraminifera, but, as will presently be seen, many fossil forms derived from them occur, as might be expected, in the shore-sands of the adjacent coasts. It seemed to me that an examination of the earliest recent material to which d'Orbigny had access could not fail to possess a highly specialized interest for the Ehizopodist, and I therefore made a sufficient gathering of material from the two places in the spring of 1914. The most placidly functional lord of the most unimpressionable ' Madame Henri d'Orbigny tells ,me that in a volume of early sketches by Alcide d'Orbigny now in her possession there are six pages inscribed " Poramini- f^res fossiles de Grignon, Esnandes, Marsilly — Coquilies libres."' It will be remembered that d'Orbigny assumed a biological distinction between free and attached species (see p. 23). I have not at present been able to inspect these drawings. JOURN. R. MICR. SOC. 1917. PI XI Alcide d'Orhigny. 81 scientific bosom could hardly fail to respond to a strong emotional stimulus, as the mechanism which it controls stands at low tide upon the sandy margin of the mud-flats of the Anse de I'Aiguillon, radially scarred in all directions by the hurrying aeons of the boucholeurs, for it is here that the boy Alcide must have wandered continually in search of zoological and geological specimens, and it is here that his scientific career received its first real impetus. The expanse of strand between high water-mark and the cliffs, which are known as " Lss Eochers d'Esnandes," is not more than a few yards in some places, and never more than thirty, and it presents a busy spectacle at all hours of the day as the houcholcurs go out, come in, wash their mussels in pools which they dig on the shore for the purpose, and load them upon the carts which take them to market (Plate XI). At all times groups may be seen attending to the hurdles which are being got ready to replace superseded ones in the houchots, and it must be confessed that if these people live wholly or for the most part upon Mollusca, as d'Orbigny tells us {ante, p. 5), or are descended from a race of rigid mytilophagists, they provide a powerful argument against those who view all edible Lamellibranchs with mingled scorn and suspicion. . At our feet are broad deposits of Foraminifera, lying either upon the edges of the mud-flats or upon the sandy patches left clean by the receding tide ; at our back are cliffs rising from the earth by the eastward dip of the strata, so that as one walks to the Pointe St. Clement he may note every zone at a level con- venient for examination. They are composed of a friable white Upper Jurassic chalk, from which Foraminifera can be washed with great ease. D'Orbigny himself speaks of the " calcaire jurassique du departement de la Charente Inferieure," in which the preservation of the fossils in their natural condition seems astonisliing.^ The formation according to the latest French strati^raphists is the Sequanien ; they are what, for all practical purposes, we may call in British terminology the Corallian zone at the top of the Middle Oolite. In the " Cours Eleraentaire " d'Orldgny places it in his " XIII™^ Etage, Oxfordien";- for him the " XIY"^'' Etage, Corallien," ^ makes its appearance at Marsilly, a few kilometres eastward. At Chatelaillon, which, as we have seen, is farther south from La Kochelle, we are upon a higher zone of the formation, distinguished by the modern French strati- grapbists as " Pterocerien et Sequanien." The little town lies upon an immense alluvial plain, the outcrops and substratum being Upper Jurassic Marls, ranging in colour from yellow to deep blue, of which d'Orbigny has given us a carefully worked out geological » I., p. 246. 2 XIV., vol. ii., pp. 523, 526-7, ' XIV., vol. ii., pp. 538, 541-2. (See ante, p. 65.) Feb. 21st, 1917 G 82 Transactions of the Society, section, which he pL^ces in his " XY™® Etage, Kimmeridgien." ^ The fossil forms therefcjre, which are white at Esnandes and yellow or blue at Chatelaillon, may for our purposes be all described, as I have said supra, as Corallian (Upper Jurassic). The shore at Chatelaillon is (see note 1, p. 12) a broad expanse of sharp sand, ideal for a bathing resort," strewn heie and there with patches of MoUuscan debris from which I made the gatherings which are analysed in this paper. The only rivers which find their way to the coast near either locality arrive by way of the alluvial plains from rocky watersheds of volcanic origin, so that we may eliminate the possibility of any of the fossil forms being derived from strata other than those which we have indicated. A glance over the tabular list hereto appended will remind us of many observations which I have had occasion to make in the foregoing pages, and will emphasize the statement that d'Orbigny was prone to generalize on sucli insufficient material that his observations upon tlie geographical distril)ution of Foraminifera are entirely fallacious and misleading. The occurrence of no less than twenty-four species of the genus Lagena representing all the most strikingly differentiated general types, makes us marvel at his unconsciousness of the existence of the genus until 1839 ; and the tact that he never recorded any species of Bolivina until lie named the genus from Bolivia, also in 1839, is shoAvn to be no less remarkable. But what is more extraordinary still is that he made no home-record, so to speak, of Nonionina dcpressula, which, as might be expected upon such a shore, constitutes (as I have been at the pains to ascertain) 99 9 p.c. of the Foraminifera of the Esnandes shore-sand and mud-Hats. His warmer interest was clearly concentrated upon tlio exotic material which reached him from all over the world; he may be said to have carried the axiom "onme ignotum pro raagnifico " to its ultimate expression. The virtual non-appearance of any arenaceous, adherent forms was to be expected at Esnandes, but one would have ex])ected them to be present in the detached condition at Chatelaillon, washed in from the oyster-beds which flourish there as on all parts of this south lUscayan coast. The wealtli of algpe in the neighbourhood would lead one to look for Niibccularia lucifnga, of which we have only found a single specimen. These idiosyncrasies of facies are however to be met with in deposits and shore-sands from all over the world. Plate XII represents a group of the typical Foraminifera of the shore-sand and mud-flats of Esnandes ; Plate XIII, a similar group from the shore-sand of Chatelaillon. ' XIV., vol. ii., pp. 554-7. - It may be useful to remark, in case auy of my readers should propose to visit this coast, that if he asks for a " Billet de Bains de Mer " at the I\IoDtpar- nas?e Station in Paris, he will get a return ticket for ahovit half the normal rate, which is comparatively expensive. A Icidc d' Orhign]/. TABULAR LIST OF SPECIES. In the following list VVC or VC = very common ; C = common ; F = frequent ; R = rare ; VE = very rare ; 1 = one specimen only. All are recent unless parti- cularized, but (f) = fossil ; (f & r) = fossil and recent. Species Esnandes Chatelaillon NUBECULAEIIN.E. 1 Nubecularia luciftiga Defrance . MlLIOLININ^. 1 2 Biloculina depressa d'Orb. .... VR _ 3 Spiroloculina m^ida d'Orb. R R 4 S. grata Terq. R — 5 S. excavata d'Orb. R VR G S. planulata (Lam.) . — VR 7 S. planissima (Lam.) . — 1 8 Miliohna circularis (Born.) VG VG 9 M. labiosa (d'Orb.) VR 10 M. subrotunda (Montagu) — VR 11 M. suborbicularis (d'Orb.) VR 12 M. trigonula (Lam.) . VR G 13 M. tricarinata (d'Orb.) 1 VR 14 M. cultrata Brady VR 15 M. durrandii Millett . F VR IG M. bosciana (d'Orb.) . P 17 M. oblonga (Mont.) C R IS M, seminulum (Linne) C G 19 M. araucana (d'Orb.) . 1 — 20 M. planciana (d'Orb.) VR 21 M. candeiana (d'Orb.) . c 22 M. auberiana (d'Orb.) c C 23 J/, cuvieriana (d'Orb.) R 24 M. agglutinans (d'Orb.) — VR 25 M. fusca Brady . VR — 26 M. contorta (d'Orb.) . G F 27 I\r. sclerotica (Karr.) . R 28 M. ferussacii (d'Orb.) . VR VR 29 M. Ixvigata (d'Orb). . VG G 30 M. bicornis (W. & J.) . F 31 M. pulchclla (d'Orb.) . VR 32 M. longirostra (d'Orb.) — VR 33 M. brongniartii (d'Orlj.) - R 34 M. boueana (d'Orb.) . G 35 Massilina secans (d'Orb.) VR R 36 M. sccans var. tcnuistriata Earland VR F 37 Signioilina ovata Sidebottom R F Peneeoplidin^. as Comuspira selseyensis H-A. & E. F 39 C. involvens Reuss ..... F — G 2 84 Transactions of the Society. TABULAR LIST OF SPECIES— confinwed. Species Esnandes ChatelaiUon ASTEORHIZID^. 40 Iridia diaphana H-A. & E. . VR 41 Psammosphsera fusca Schulze — C 42 Halipliysema tumanoiviczii Bow . VR — LlTUOLID^. 43 Haplophragmium psetidospirale (Will.) — 1 44 H. canariense (d'Orb.) .... P — 45 H. glohigeriniforme (P. & J.) VR — 46 H. humboldti Reuss — F(f) 47 H. humboldti var. latum AndresB P(f) 48 H. acutidorsatum Hantken . — VR(f) 49 H. xylacenta Reuss — VR (f) 50 Placopsilina cenomana (d'Orb.) — 1(f) 51 Ammodiscus incertus (d'Orb.) — VR (f) 52 Trocliaimnina sqtuimata J. & P. VR 63 T. ochracea (Will.) 1 — 64 T. plicata (Terq.) VR — 55 T. inflata (Montagu) . VC — 66 T. inflata var. macrescens Br. G — Textulariid^. ■ 67 Textularia gramen d'Orb. . . 1 68 T. conica d'Orb. . F VR 69 T. minuta Berthelin . VR(f) 60 Verneuilina polystropha Reuss F C 61 V. tricarinata d'Orb. . — VR(f) 62 Spiroplecta biformis P. & J. — 1(0 63 Gaudryina impoides d'Orb. . — 1 64 G. filiformis Berthelin VR — 65 Clavulina obscura Chaster . VR — 66 Bulimina pupoides d'Orb. . F C 67 B. elegans d'Orb. C C 68 B. elongata d'Orb. VR — 69 B. fiLsiformis Will. R — 70 B. elegantissima d'Orb. F VR 71 B. marginata d'Orb. . G VR 72 B. echmata d'Orb. — VR 73 B. squammigera d'Orb. VR — 74 Virgulina schreibersiana Czjzek R — 75 Bohvina punctata d'Orb. G VR 76 B. nobilis Hantken F VR 77 B. tcxtilarioides Reuss VR F 78 B. laevigata (Will.) VR — 79 B. dilatata Reuss G VR 80 B. difformis (Will.) . R — 81 B. torttiosa Brady 1 — 82 B. xnariensis (Costa) . VR — 88 B. variabilis (Will.) . G VR 84 B. plicata d'Orb. G — 85 Caasidulina Ixvigata d'Orb. VR 1 86 G. crassa d'Orb. .... VR R 87 C. nitidula (Chaster) . VR —~' Alcide d'Orhigny. 85 TABULAR LIST OP SPECIES— cojziwMed. Species Esnandes Chatelaillon LAGENID.E. 88 Lagcna globosa (Mont.) .... VR VR (r & f) 89 L. lincata (Will.) P 'JO L. costata (Will.) 1 91 L. hcxagona (Will.) . . . . , VR 92 L. reticulata (Macgillivray) VR 93 L. squa7)iosa (Mont.) .... VR VR 94 L. lievis (Mont.) ..... P VR 95 L. semistriiita Will. .... C C 96 L. peiiucida (Will.) ..... P VR 97 L. curvilineata Balk. & Wr. 1 , . 98 L. striata (d'Orb.) ..... VR 99 L. stdcata (W. & J.) VC VR 100 L. williamsoni (Alcock) .... C C 101 L. clavata (d'Orb.) ..... VC C 102 L. gracillima (Seg.) . .... VR . 103 L. Ixvigata (Reuss) ..... P 104 L. semilineata Wright .... 1 105 L. acuta (Reuss) ..... 1 106 L. lucida (Will.) c C 107 L. annectens Burr & HoU. .... VR 108 L. qtiadrata (Will.) ..... VR . 109 L. marginata (W. & B.) . VR — 110 L. marginata var. iniequilateralis Wright 1 111 L. orbignyana (Seg.) ..... P p 112 Nodosaria communis d'Orb. VR — . 113 N. proxima Si]\-estTi ..... 1 114 N. scalaris (Batsch.) ..... VR 115 Cristellaria crepidiila (P. & M.) . 1 — 110 C. rotulata (Lam.) ..... VR - VR(f) 117 C. planiuscula'R.eu^ii .... . VR(f) lis Polymorphina lactea (W. & J.) . VR VR (r & f) 119 P. gibba d'Orb 1 VR 120 P. oblonga Will VR — 121 P. compressa d'Orb. ..... VR 122 P. communis d'Orb. ..... 1 123 P. sororia Reuss ..... VR — 124 P. angusta Egger. ..... — VR(f) 125 P. guttula d'Orb VR 126 P. concava (Will.) ..... 1 — 127 P. myristiformis Will. .... — P 128 Uvigerina canariensis (d'Orb.) . — 1(f) 129 U. tenuistriata Reuss .... VR 130 U. angulosa Will. ..... P VR 131 Ramulina aculeata (d'Orb.) Globigerinida",. VR 132 Globigerina bulloides d'Orb. C P 133 G. dubia Egger. ..... VR 134 G. rubra d'Orb. ..... P 135 G. conglobata Brady ..... — R 136 G. marginata Reuss ..... 1(0 137 Orbulina universa d'Orb. .... — VR 86 Transactions of the Society. TABULAR LIST OF SPECIES— cowiiwMecZ. Species Esnaudes Chatelaillon ROTALIID^. 138 Spirillina vivipara Ehrenb. VR (f & r) F (f & r) 139 S. margaritifera Will. — VR 140 Patellina corrtigata Will. . VR VR 141 Discorhina nitida (Will.) VR VR 142 D. millettii Wright VR 143 D. jn-xgeri H-A. & E. R P 144 D. peruviana (d'Orb.) VR VR 145 D. rosacea (d'Orb.) VR C 146 jD. pla7iorbis (d'Orb.) — C 147 D. baccata H-A. & E. — VC 148 D. turbo (d'Orb.) VR 149 D. orbicularis (Terq.) VR VR 150 D. mamilla (Will.) . — 1 151 D. globularis (d'Orb.) C C 152 D. valvulata (d'Orb.) VR — 153 D. vcsicularis (Lam.) — — 154 D. parisicnsis (d'Orb.) VR — 155 D. wrightii Brady 1 — 156 Flanorbulina mediterranensis d'Orb. C C 157 Truncatuiina refulgens (Moutf.) — c 158 T.lobatula(\^.&J.) VR G 159 T. variabilis d'Orb. . — VR 160 T. ungeriana (d'Orb.) — VR 161 Pulvinulina repanda (P. & M.) . — 1 162 Rotalia beccarii (Linu6) C VVC 163 B. orbicularis (d'Orb.) VR VR 164 B. perlucida H-A. & E. VR R NUMMULINIDJE. 165 Nonionina depresstda (W. & J.) . VVC VVC 166 N. granosa d'Orb. c — 167 N. asterisans (P. & M.) c VR 168 N. paupsrata Balk. & Wr. . VR — 169 N. boueana d'Orb. 1 VR 170 N. turgida (Will.) R — 171 Polystomella decipiens Costa VR — » 172 P. striatopunctata (F. & M.) VC VC 173 P. striatopunctata var. selseyensi 'sB.-A [. & E. VVC VVC 174 P. crispa (Linnu) — F 175 P. faba (F. & M.) P P 176 P. faba var. R — 177 P. macella (F. & M.) . P c 178 P. listeri d'Orb. _— VR Note.— For the purpose of this list we have revived some of d'Orbiguy's obsolete specific names, so as to identify some of his figured types. Alcide cVOrUgiiy. 87 APPENDIX A. The Family of d'Orbigny. The family of d'Orbigny, of which records exist in French archives dating from 14J:4, when Barons of that name served Louis XL of France, became extinct on the death of Henri d'Orbio-ny on June 29, 1915. The grandfather of Alcide d'Orbigny was one of three brothers, established as colonists and planters in San Domingo, Franc^ois d'Orbigny Dessalines, d'Orbigny de Bourg-blanc, and d'Orbigny de Coerts, it being the habit of French colonists (as indeed it has ever been of the landed gentry of France) to add to their own the names of their estates. Francois d'Orbigny was the owner of a large force of negro slaves, one of whom, by name Jacques, became, after the Revolution of the slaves in San Domingo, first Governor-General, and then the " Emj^eror " Jacques I. of Haiti. This creature instigated the massacre of the entire d'Orbigny family with the exception of two sons who were at the time completiug their education in France. Francois d'Orbigny, his wife {^nee Madeleine de Beaudemont), and their sixteen other children having perished, and the plantation being razed by fire, the slave Jacques assumed the name "Dessalines," which gave rise to a legend which I found extant in La Rochelle in 1914, to the effect that d'Orbigny was in some way a direct descendant of this insurgent black. ^ ^ This is the account furnished me by IMme. Henri d'Orbigny from the archives of the d'Orbigny family. It must be confessed that the pviblished biographies of the " Emperor " Jacques Dessalines vary greatly from the above. The writer of his life in Larousse says he was the slave of a black potter [potier) called Dessalines, whose name he adopted, that this negro Dessalines was alive in 1805 in San Domingo (at Cap Francais, now Cap Haiti), and had recorded that Jacques was " an obstinate dog but a good workman." We are told that Jacques always remained fond of his old master, and on his accession to power made him his chief wine-steward, because he was a good judge of wine and a drunkard. The history of Jacques I. of Haiti is bloody but picturesque, and is inseparably bound up with the successive revolutions of the slaves in San Domingo, beginning with that of Oge, of whom a lurid account is given by Lamartine in his "Histoire des Girondins " (Paris, 1847, ii., pp. 88, et seq.). According to Larousse, Jacques became Governor-General (as " Dessalines '') in 1804, when he ordered a massacre of the white French population which lasted six months. He became Emperor as Jacques I. in 1805 (June 16). According to d'Orbigny in the "Voyage dans les deux Ameriques, augments de renseignements exacts jusqu'en 1853, Nouvelle edition publiee sous la direction de M. Alcide d'Orbigny," (Paris, 1853), this date should be October 8, 1804. The first edition of this book, "Voyage pittoresque dans lies deux Ameriques," was published in 1841 — I have not been able to see this edition in England — and consists of a condensation of his " Am^rique Meridiouale," augmented by notes of later travellers. Another edition forms part of Dumont d'Urville's "Histoire G6n6rale des Voyages," 4 vol., Paris (1859), iii. 88 Transactions of tlic Society. Of the two sons who by their absence in France escaped massacre, Charles Marie, born at sea as akeady related (see p. 3), and registered at Port Malo (San Domingo), January '2, 1770, was the father of Alcide d'Orbigny, whose career forms the subject of this Memoir. The other, Melchior d'Orbigny, returned to San Domingo to endeavour to save what was left of the family property, and is said to have perished at sea on the journey thither. Charles Marie married (as stated) Marie Anne Pipat on Octoljer 20, 1799, and had seven children. 1. Estelle born in 1880, died iu 1893 (see p. 4). 2. Alcide, the subject of this Memoir. 3. Melquior, who died at the age of eleven years, i. Charles, born at Coueron December 12, 180G, whose career has been set forth (see p. 8). 5. Edouard (see note 2, p. 9). He made a study of marine alg£e, but published nothing. His two youngest sons, Louis and Marcel, aged respectively seventeen and thirteen years, were already passionate geologists and were killed by a land-slide at the Falaise de la Pointe du Chai near La Rochelle whilst hunting for fossils. 6. Salvador, born December 17, 1808, died in 1883. 7. Theophile, who died in lw20, aged seven years. Alcide d'Orbigny married first Pamela Martignon, who died August 2, 1842, by whom he had one daughter, Noemi, who died unmarried at the age of twenty-four. His second wife was Marie Gaudry, daughter of the Usher (Baton nier) of the Order of Advocates to the Court of Appeal in Paris, and sister of Albert Gaudry, the Geologist, Membre de I'Listitut, and Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of London, who later held d'Orbigny's Chair of Palseontology in Paris (see p. 70, note).^ By his second Avife, who was born August 29, 1824, and died in Paris, October 23, 1903, he had three children. 1. Henri Joseph d'Orbigny, born May 16, 1845, died June 29, 1915 (see p. 87).- Until the age of fifty he followed, reluctantly, the profession of an architect, after which he devoted his life to Entomology, on which he published many important works. He married Marie Thercse Bedel, daughter of a Conseillcr a la Cour d'Appel, who still lives iu Paris (1916), and to whom I am indebted for most of this information regarding the family. 2. Berthe, born June 20, 1847, married Jules Deville, and died January 23, 1908. 3. Isabelle, born September 26, 1849, married The book is identical, the plates worn. In this, also, it is stated that " Dessa- lines" was the slave of another negro, a " proprietaire " of San Domingo. After a short reign of appalling brutality " Jacques I." was murdered at Port au Prince, October 17, 1806. On the other hand, in a ghastly little book by Dubroca, " La Vie de J. J. Dessaliues, Chef des Noirs Eevoltes de Saint Domingue," Paris, Ann. xiii. (1804), we are told again that Jacques was the slave of a negro proprietor named JJessalines, but that his first action in the revolt was to murder his proprietor and assume his name. And there we must leave it. Non nostrum tantas comjwnere lites ! Mme. d'Orbigny assures me that the above account is entirely false, having been copied by one author from another, and that she has often heard the real story from theilips of Mile. Estelle d'Orbigny (see p. 4, note 2), who had the account of his early life at San Domingo direct from her father. ' The father of Albert and Marie Gaudry was himself an enthusiastic collector of minerals. (See Marcellin Boule, op. cit., p. 70, ante.) " He has sometimes been referred to as Marie Joseph d'Orbigny, that name appearing on a copy of his baptismal certificate, but the original gives his correct name Henri Joseph. JOURN, R. MICR. SOC. 1917 PI XI /^M0^^^m^m-^f^ ^'^^ Mi %W^M^f] a^i^lH cH6^<^lS£i^f .^ mrWmf^MK^^SR &«»^(i^ ^^^HjBHl^v^ i.ii^ril^HlS^«k' ^^K ' -i^RpM^Hfll ^J^-^ ^ itocW> %dC^ ,^e^W^^.^:-%;-^ Wt L "V, tt ' ^KSM Bj^^^^ "^^^B ■ v'? I "m^ .f^^^^^^V^.^Sff^^DEV^ii^^^K/ V^lJ^''H 4 ^^^^J?p^lj»fc W'-^^^f^^4ifflfi^'''j0mW''' iB^a-.. Plate XII. Group of Foraminlfera from Esnandes. Alcide cVOrbignij. 89 Dr. Le C^oin, and died December 8, 1914. The sons-in-law of Alcide d'Orbigny did not follow scientific pursuits. Madame Henri d'Orbigny possesses her fatlier-in-law's Microscope and a large mass of original drawings of Foraminifera, et alia, made by liim. This is not the early Microscope referred to on p. 10, but a later instrument probably built especially for d'Orbigny to his own design. The date and maker are unknown (see Plate VI, fig. 2). APPENDIX B. Letter wkitten by Charles d'Orbigny to his Son Alcide, aged Eleven Years, now in the Possession of Madame Henri d'Orbigny. A la Blanche, 24 Mars, 1813. MoN CHER Alcide, Je vois avec plaisir que tout en f occupant cVhistoire naturelle tu t'occupes aussi de I'histoire mangeante et buvante. Je verrai ton lezard avec plaisir et je compte aussi manger des choux-fleurs et pommes que tu dis si beau, et boire du vin de la vigne que tu dis si belle. Je t'embrasserai j'espere dans une douzaine de jours au plus tard et saurai de ta Maman si tu as ete bieu sage ; a present que tu portes un habit corame un homme tu dois en prendre I'air pose, et commencer a reflechir que sans I'etude on ne parvient a rieu, qu'elle seule nous procure un etat qui nous fait subsister, qu'elle nous procure tous les agrements de la vie, et la faculte inapreciable de juger tout ce qui nous cntoure a sa juste valeur, de recounaitre un Sot sous un habit superbe, et de tendre la main avec bieu du plaisir a I'homme instruit et honnete defigure par la livree de I'indigence. Sois toujours bon avec tout le monde, laisse la une bonne partie de ton etourderie qui etait passable lorsque tu n'etais qu'un enfant mais qui commence ;i ne plus etre de saison. Aime toujours Men toute la famille et je t'aimerai toujours autant que je t'aime. C. d'Orbic^ny. APPENDIX C. The Dates of Issue of the Models. In order to satisfy the requirements of rigid observers of the Inter- national Rules of Nomenclature it is necessary to establish the precise dates at which the four instalments of the Models were issued. This has been arrived at by a search through the volumes of de Ferussac's " Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de ITndustrie " and the " Deuxieme Section," entitled " Bull, des Sci. Nat. et de Geologic." 90 Transactions of the Society. First Instalriimt. — This was announced in 1823 (Bull., vol. i., p. 60). The notice is compiled from the label on the box (see p. 14), the Paris depot being filled in " an bureau du Bulletin, Eue de I'iVbbaye No. 13, ou Ton pent voir la premiere livraison deja publiee, ainsi qu'au Museum du Jardin du Roi." De Ferussac appends an eulogistic note, and adds, " We know that MM. d'Orbignj, father and son, have applied them- selves with unheard of zeal and patience to the observation of these ' Infiniment Petits.' The enterprise which we announce does much honour to M. d'Orbigny, jun., who executes it alone under the direction of his father. Naturalists will doubtless applaud it, and it deserves to be encouraged in order that it may continue to be extended even beyond the instalments promised." Second Instalment.— This was announced in 1S24 ^^Bull. Sci. Nat. et Geol., vol. i., p. 384). De Ferussac in his note regrets that he cannot give further particulars, as these will only be issued with the fourth instalment. He says here, " the three or four actual specimens " are enclosed between two slips of glass. The " glass boxes " (see p. 14) had evidently been abandoned. Third and Fourtlb Instalments. — In 1826 (Bull., vol. viii., p. 130) the final "prospectus" of the Models is abstracted, announcing the issue of the third and fourth instalments, with a copy of the " Prodrome general," which had been published in the Ann. Sci. Nat., accompanied by an Atlas of eight plates — reprints of pis. x.-xvii. of the Atlas to vol. vii. of the Ann. Sci. Nat. The six years' work of d'Orbigny on " cette innombrable quantite de petites especes que Ton designait vague- ment sous le nom de Nautiles Microscopiqnes " are reviewed, and the principles of his classification are laid down. De Ferussac's report upon these two instalments was published later (Bull., vol. is., p. 247), when they had been issued for some months, and is merely a general eulogy of the whole work. The pamphlet differs from that already cited in pagination, and in some particulars of the title-page which reads (in the advertisement) : — "Tableau Methodique de la Classe des Cephalopodes par M. ])essalines d'Orbigny, Xatnraliste-voyageur du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, precede d'une Introduction par M. de Ferussac ; presente a L'Academie Eoyale des Sciences dans la seance du 7 Novembre 1825. In 8vo de 150 pp. avec un Tableau et un Atlas de 8 planches in 4to lithographiees. Paris, 1826. M. Guerui, Rue des Fosses Saint-Victor, No. 14. Se vend avec la 4me. livraison des Modeles des Cephalopodes Micro- scopiques." Another pamphlet (a copy of which is in the Geological Library at South Kensington) has a title- wrapper, " Tableau Methodique de la Classe des Cephalopodes," inside which a fuller title reads : — " Tal)leau Methodique de la Classe des Cephalopodes ; par M. A. Dessalines d'Orbigny, Membre de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris ; et Naturaliste-Voyageur du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, precede d'une Introduction par M. de Ferussac. (Presente a I'Academie des Sciences dans la seance du 7 Novembre 1825.) (Extrait des Annales des Sciences d'Histoire {sic) Naturelle. Janvier. 1826.)" There is no publisher or printer mentioned. There are a few lines of print at the foot of the page, and the next page (iii) is paged 7. Alcidc d'Orbigny. 91 The pagination goes on up to 150, but it is quite different to that of the original in the Ann. Sci. Nat. It would seem, therefore, that there were at least three different issues of the reprint from the Ann. Sci. Nat., which accounts for discrepancies in references and synonymies. Cf . de Ferussac's " Additions et Corrections," published in 1827 (see p. 29). The final " Prospectus " issued to advertise the Models in 1826 is of great rarity, few copies apparently having been preserved ; there is one in the Geological Library at South Kensington. It is an elaborate pamphlet of eight pages, setting out the importance of the study of the " Cephalopodes Microscopiques," and their supposed relationship to the larger genera, with a short summary of the earlier authors who had dealt with them as " Nautiles.'" It points out the advantages of the method of presenting them to observers in the form of enlargements, and gives a long extract from Latreille's "Rapport." The "depot" as before is " chez M. Guerin," and at the offices of de Ferussac's Bulletin in the Rue de I'Abbaye, No. S. APPENDIX D. The " CiNQUiEjiE livraison " of the Models. In his Memoirs on the Cuba Foraminifera and on the Cretaceous Foraminifera of the Paris Basin we find this note in identical terms, referring to the original Models ^ : " This collection, which we propose to augment by an instalment devoted to the genera discovered since its first publication, and to the shells characteristic of the formations, is, as before, to be had at No. 5 Rue Louis le Grand, Paris." The Models to be included in the new instalment were as follows : — 101. Conuhna. See YIL, p. 24 ; XII., p. 71. 102. Webbina. See VII., p. 26 ; VIII., p. 125 ; XIL, p. 73. 103. Flabellina. See VII., p. 42 ; X., p. 23. 104. Verneuilina. See VII., p. 104 ; X., p. 38 ; XIL, p. 182. 105. Candeina. See VIL, p. 108 ; XIL, p. 11)2. 106. Faujasina. See VIL, p. 109 ; XIL, p. 194. 107. Chrysalidina. See VIL, p. 109 ; XIL, p. 194. 108. Gaudryina. See VIL, p. 112 ; X., p. 43 ; XII.; p. 197. 109. Sagrina. See VIL, p. 149 ; X., p. 47 ; XIL, p. 252. 110. CuneoHna. See VIL, p. 150 ; XIL, p. 253. 111. Unilocnlina. See VIL, p. 161 ; XIL, p. 261. 112. Crucilocuhna. See VII., p. 182 ; XIL, p. 280. 113. Citharina. See VIL, p. xxxvii. 114. Hauerina. See VIL, p. xxxviii ; XIL, p. 118. 115. 116. Bolivina. See IX., p. 61 ; XIL, p. 239. ' X., p. 2, note 2 ; VII., p. xxi, note 2. 92 Transactions of the Society. Professor Marcellin Boule informs me that lie can throw no light upon the Models above referred to ; neither the moulds nor any of the Models are preserved with the others in his Laboratory at the Musee de Paleontologie, and he doubts whether they were ever issued. Mr. C. Davies Sherborn, who has made an exhaustive study of the Models, shares the same doubt, and his MS. list in the copy of the Catalogue issued with the Models, in the Library at the British Museum (Natural History), compiled as the result of his researches, lacks, like mine, the No. 115. I can find no indication anywhere of what this Model was intended to be. Madame Henri d'Orbigny, who possesses a very complete collection of d'Orbignyan works and unpublished documents, tells me that if any publication of these Models was ever made her husband did not possess it or know anything about it. APPENDIX E. The Geneeic and Specific Names of the d'Oebignyan foeaminifeea. The principles which guided d'Orbigny in his apposition of generic and specific names has been set out in this Memoir (see p. 17). We may say that " Uheravit animani suam " upon the subject on pp. xlvi et seq. of the Introduction to the " Prodrome " (Bibl. XV.) in a lengthy and ingenious dissertation on the princij^les to be adopted. The most serious point to which exception must be taken was his view that the author of a species was to be regarded as he who removed the specific name into a new genus, a direct contravention of the accepted system. His view (op. cit. p. liii) was that it is inconvenient and unjust to both authors to make the original author responsible for a genus of which he was ignorant, and to deprive the author who removes a specific name to a new genus of the honour of his discoverv and correction. Conse- quently in the " Prodrome " we find hundreds of names claimed by d'Orbigny, and so set down, which in conformity with accepted rules should have been ascribed to the first founder of the species : thus among the Foraminifera alone, FohjstomeJla crispa, is attributed to Lamarck, instead of (Linne) ; ^ Orbitoidcs papyracea. becomes " d'Or- bigny " instead of (Boubee),'- and countless other instances might be cited. (See pp. 5-4 (note 2), G5, QQ.) Another principle which has more to commend itself is his objection to descriptive qualitative names such as grandis, gigas, minutus, and so on. " These names," he observes, "are only true when larger or smaller species are non-existent in the same genus," and he concludes that " among specific names those which have no reference to the form are the best, precisely because they mean nothing." ^ 1 XIT., p. 125. 2 XV., vol. ii., p. 334. = XV., vol. i., Tntrod., p. 50. Alcide iVOrhigny. 93 A glance at any of his monographs shows that in almost every genus he gave the same local name — e.g., canariensis, antiUarum, patagonka, parisiensis, and the like— to species in two or more genera, and he pursued the same confusing habit uith some of his personal names ; thus in the Canary Islands Monograph there are-two species named after Webb, and no less than six after Berthelot, of course in different genera. In the Vienna Monograph we find eight species named after von Hauer. When we meet this among his " Agathistegues," and find the same specific name given to a Trilocuiina and a QuinquelocuJina (e.g. Isevigata, and planciana), the path of the systematist becomes very thorny indeed. This Appendix, however, is an excursion into Biography. His personal names divide into two classes, those which he explains in a biographical note, and those which are left unexplained, many of which latter are those no doubt of the " modestes savants " above alluded to, and are not to be found even in the list of his corre- spondents which closes the Introduction to the " Prodrome" (XV., vol. i., p. Ivii), which acknowledges contributions from 151 persons as regards French, and 69 persons as regards foreign fossils. I have not noted a vast number of names the species identified with which are either unknown to-day, or are submerged in other species, but the following is a list of some of them which are better known. No attempt has been made to identify or give references for many specific names, as Brownii, Jonesii, Catesbyi, Edwardsiana, Akneriana, Voltziana, Ungeriana, Butemplii, Mayeriana, etc. ; nor his Christian specific names, such as Adolphina, Josephina, Marige, Rodolphina, Antonina, and so on. I have merely noted down such information as I have come across whilst studying his works, and have not sought for further details such as may be found in Biographical Dictionaries. Alvarez, Don Manuel. "... que nous avons eu le plaisir deconnaitre en Patagonie " (IX., p. 36). (PolystomcUa alvareziana ; Botalina alvarrzii.) Archiac, E. J. A. d' (1802-1869). Authority upon the Nummulites. (See Sherborn's Bibliography.) {Frondicularia arcliiaciana.) AuBER, M. " . . . de Cuba auquel nous devons beaucoup de Mollusques de cet lie " (VII., p. 95). (Quinqueloculina auheriana ; Bosalina auberiana.) Baudouin de Solene. "... a bien voulu nous envoyer de Sens beaucoup de fossiles " (X., p. 24). {Flahellina haudouiniana ; Textularia hau- douiniana.) Berthelot, Sabin. Author of " Hist. Nat. des lies Canaries " (Bibl. VIII). (Quinqueloculina berthelotiana, etc.) (See p. 46.) Beccarius (1672-1766). One of the earliest observers of Foraminifera. {Rotalia heccarii.) Bosc, C. Author of a paper on Alveolina (VII., p. 68). (See p. 17 and Sherborn's Bibliography.) {Quinqueloculina hosciana ; Rotalina hosciana, etc.) Brongniart, a. (1770-1847). Famous geologist (I., p. 250). {Quinquelo- culina ; Trilocuiina hrongniartii, etc.) BucH, L. VON (1774-1852). Traveller and geologist (XV., p. xxiv). {Quin- queloculina buchiana ; Bulimina buchiana.) 94 Transactions of the Society. Cande, F. de. "... zele naturaliste dont nous avons cultive I'amitie dans nos voyages" (VII., p. xi). {Quinqueloculina candeiana, etc. ; Genus Candeina.) Cdviee, L. C. F. D. G., Baron (1769-1832). Famous naturalist; author of " Le Regne Animal." {Quinqueloculina cuvieriana.) (See p. 48.) Defrance, J. L. M. (1758-1850). Author of Articles on Foraminifera in Diet. Sci. Nat. (I., p. 250). (See p. 23.) {Calcarina defrancii.) Faujas de St. Fond, B. (1741-1819). Famous geologist (VII., pp. xvii, 109). (Genus Faujasina.) Ferussac, J. A. Baron de (1786-1836). Zoologist. (See p. 12, e^^j«s.sM;i.) (See Sherborn's Bibliography.) (Qninqueloculina fcrussacii, Amphi- stegina ferussacii, etc.) FicHTEL, L. von. Joint Author of " Testacea Microscopica," 1798. (See p. 56.) {Triloculina fichteliana ; PolystomeUa ficlitcliana.) Fleuriau de Bellevcje, of La Eochelle. Geologist; d'Orbigny's first patron. (Seep. 6.) {Ampliisteginafleurimisi; Guneolinafleuriausa.) Gaimard, Paul. Naturalist on the Freycinet Expedition, 1818-20. {Cal- carina gaimardii ; OperciiUna gaiviardii, etc.) (I., p. 250.) Gaudichaud, Beauprk C. Botanist and pharmacologist ; colleague of Gaimard as above. {Calcarina gaiidichaudii; Turhinulina gaudi- chaudii, etc.) Gaudry, a. Geologist ; d'Orbigny's brother-in-law and successor at the Musee de Paleontologie. (Genus Gaiidryina, Cristellaria, gaudryana.) Gerville, de. Geologist of Valognes (I., p. 250). {ValvuUna gervillii ; Botalia gervillii.) Grateloup, J. P. S. DE (1782-18 — ). Geologist of the Gironde (I., p. 250). (See Sherborn's Bibliography.) {Botalia grateloupi; Nonionina grateloajji, etc.) GuERiN, M. d'Orbigny's agent for the sale of the Modeles in Paris (I., p. 250). {Botalia guerini.) (See p. 14, note 2.) Haidinger. Editor of the " Naturwiss. Abhandlungen," etc. {Quinquelo- culina haidingerii ; Botalina. haidingerii.) Hauer, J. Baron von. Austrian geologist and privy councillor (VII., p. xxxix ; XIL, pp. 84, 118 ct passim). (See p. 57.) (Genus Hauerina ; Quinqueloculina hauerina ; Botalia hauerii, etc.) Isabelle, Arsene. Assisted d'Orbigny in South Araerica (IX., p. 74), {Bosalina isahelleana ; Bdoculina isabelleana, etc.) Lamarck, J. B. de M. de (1744-1829). Famous naturalist. {Quinquelo- culina lamarcJiiana ; Nonionina lamarcMi.) Lesson, R. P. Ornithologist and naturalist on the Duperrey Expedition, 1828 (I., p. 250). {Ampliistcgina lessonii ; PolystomeUa lessonii.) LiNNK, C. von (1707-1778). The father of Systematic Natural History. {Triloculina linneiana; Bosalina linneiana, etc.) Lister, M. (1638-1711). Early naturalist. {PolystomeUa listeri.) LoRNE, Alfred. "... qui a bien voulu nous transmettre de la craie de . . . Sens " (X., p. 15). {Dentalina lorneiana.) Mknard de la Groix. One of d'Orbigny's early correspondents (I., p. 249). {Botalina menardii.) MicHELiN, H. Author of the " Iconographie zoophytologique," 1840-47 (XV., p. xlviii). {Botalina micheliniana.) Alcide iVOrhigny. 95 Partsch, S. Austrian geologist and friend of vou Hauer (XII., p. xi, note). {liotaUita parischiaiia ; Quiiuiuelocidina partschii.) Plancus, J. (1693-1775). Early naturalist. {Giittulina ■planci'v., Bobulina planciana ; Triloculina planciana, etc.) PoEY, M. "... naturaliste zele de I'lle do Cuba" (VII., p. 192). {Quin- (laelocitlina poeiji ; Eosalina poeyi.) QuoY, J. R. C. Naturalist on the Freycinet Expedition (I., p. 250), (See p. 12.) {Amphisfegina qiioyii.) Robert, M. Siberian traveller who sent material to d'Orbigny (XII., p. 203). (Genus Bohertina {— Bidimina).) Sagra, Ramon de la. Author of " Histoire . . . de Pile de Cuba," 1839. (See p. 44.) (Genus Sagraina •- (^uinqttelocitUna sagra ; Botalina sagra.) Saulcy, L. F.J. C. DE. Numismatist and archaeologist; collected Mollusca, etc., on his " Voyage autour de la Mer Morfce." {Bosalina saulcyi.) ScHREiBKRS, K. Austrian conchologist. {Botalina schreibersii ; Trilo- culina schreibersiana.) ScHROTER, J. S. (1735-1808). German conchologist. (Botalia schroeteri.) Soldani, a. (1733-1808). Author of the " Testaceographia." (See p. 27.) (Qiiinqueloculina soldanii; Bosalina soldanii, etc.; Genus Soldania (obs.).) Thouin, 0. L. Que of d'Orbigny's early correspondents (I., p. 250). (Polymorphina thouini ; Opercidina thouini.) Verneuil, E. p. de. Geologist ; collaborator with Murchison in Russia (XV., p. xxxvi). (Genus Verne toilina; Dentalina verncuili; Frondi- cularia verneidliana.) Vilardebo, M. " Directeur du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Montevideo." (Oolina vilardehoana ; Bosalina vdardeboana.) (IX., p. 19.) Webb, P. Barker. Joint Author of " Hist. Nat. des lies Canaries," 1839. (See p. 46.) (Genus Wcbbina ; Triloculina webbiana ; Marginulina luebbiana.) APPENDIX F. A COMPAEISOX OF THE FOUE TABLES OF GeNERA PUBLISHED BY d'OrBIGNY, 1826-48. It has been observed that, in spite of the wealth of material at his command prior to 1826, d'Orbigny did not recognize any monothalmous Foraminifera before his return from South America and the publication of the 18;39-40 Memoirs. The family "Monostegues " does not there- fore appear in the original Table. In his later Memoirs he transposed the families " Entomostegues " and " Agathistegues," and shifted his " Enallostegues " to a position between them. (For the notes to this Appendix see end of Appendix F.) 96 Transactions of the Society. Comparison of d'Obbigny's Pour Tables of Genera, Published 1S26-4S. 1 2 3 4 Diet. Family Genus (3) Talileau M6tho- dique Cuba, 1839 Vienna, 1846 Univ. d'HCSt. Nat. 1844-5 MONOSTECtUES Gromia . _ X X X Orbulina (4) X X X Oolina (6) (1) X X Amphoriua — — X (2) StichostJigues Nodosaria X X X X Lingulina X X X X Frondicularia . X X X X Rimulina . X X X X Vaginulina X X X X Marginulina X X X X Planulaire (7) . X — — Pavoniua . X X X X Comilina . X X X Webbina . X X X Dentalina X X X Orthocerina (8) X X X Glandulina (40) X X X Citharina — X (30) (5) — Enallostegues Bigenerina (12) X X X X Textularia X X X X Vulvuliiia (9) . X X X X Dimorphina X X X X Polymorphina (41) . X X X X VirguJina . X X X X (Sphseroidina) (10) . X — — — Guttulina (11) . — X X X Gemmulina (12) — X X X Globuliua (11) . — X X — Sagrina . — X X X Cuneolina — — X X Bolivina (1) — — X X Helicostegues (13) Clavulina . X X X X (i) Turhino'ides Uvigerina Bulimina . X X X X X X X X Valvulina X X X X Rosalina (14) X X X X Rotalina (15) . X X X X Calcarina . X X X -(39) Globigerina X X X X Gyroidina (15) . X — — — Truncatulina X X X X Plauorbulina . — X X X Anomalina X X X Verneuilina — X X X Pyrulina (16) . — X X X Candeina . — X X X Pupiiia (17) — X — — Gaudryina — X X X Faujasina — X X X Chrysalidina — X X X JOURN R MICR. SOC. 1917 PI. XIII. Plale Xlil. Group of Foraminlfera from Chatelaillon. Alcide cVOrligny. 97 Comparison of d'Orbigny's Four Tables op Genera, etc.— conHmied. 1 2 3 4 Diet. I'amily Genus (3) Tableau M6tho- dique Cuba, 1S39 Vienna, 1846 Univ. d'Hist. Nat. 1S44-5 (ii) Ammono'ides Planulina (IS) . X _ _ _ (Planoi-bulina) (19) . X (Operculina) (2U) X — — Soldania (21) . X — — — (iii) Nautilaides (Cassidulina) (22) X .^ (Anomalina) (23) X — — — Vertebralina X X X X Polystomella . X X X X Dendritiua (24) X X X X Peneroplis X X X X Spirolina (24) . X — X X Eobulina (25) . X X X X Cristellaria (43) X X X X Nonionina X X X X Nummulina (26) X X X X Siderolina (27) . X X X X Flabellina — X X X Operculina (20) — X X X Orbiculina — X X X Assilina (23) — X X X Alveolina . — X X X Hauerina (29) . — X X X Fusulina . — X X Cyclolina (31) . — — X X Lituola (32) — — X X Agathistegues Biloculina X X X X Spiroloculina . X X X X Triloculina X X X X Articulina X X X X Quinqueloculina X X X X Adelosina (33) . X X x X Uniloculina (33) — X X X Pabularia X X X Cruciloculina (34) — X X X Sphseroidiua (10) — X X X Entomostegues Amphistegina . X X X X Heterostegina . X X X X (Orbiculina) (35) X — — (Alveolina) (35) X — — (Fabularia) (86) X — — _ Cassidulina — X X X Asterigerina (37) — X X X Robertiua (38) . "~ ^ X X " Cours Elementaire de to which he removed In 1852 he instituted a new family in the Paleoutologie," which he called Cyclostegues, €yclohna (from the Helicostegues), and to which he added the genera 'Orbitolites, Orbitolina, and Orbitoides. (See note 31.) Feh. 21st, 1917 H V8 Transactions of tlie Sociefij. It will be observed that some of the sulj-geiicra in tlie text of the " Tableau " do not appear iu the Table, but became genera in iiis later Tables. Some of these, e.g. Mucrouina, Discorbina, Trochulina, Turbinuliua, and Saracenaria, never appeared again as genera. In the headings to his genera in the Cuba and Vienna Memoirs Mucronina is absorbed into Nodosaria, Turbinulina into Eosalina, and Saracenaria into Cristellaria. Discorbina {Bmorhis Lam.) was revived by Carpenter, Parker and Jones in 1862 (XVtI., p. 11)9). TrochuUna disappeared altogether. Notes to Appendix F. (1) The genera Ooliua and Bolivina do not appear in the Cuba Memoir, but made their first appearance iu the South Anaerica Memoir, published in the same year and innnediately after it. All the other South American genera and all the Canary Island genera appear in the Cuba IMemoir, in which he establishes genera for many species known to him from other localities but not found in the Cuba material. (2) It will be observed that with the exception of Amphorina, a genus introduced here for the reception of Lagenidae furnished with a more or less pronounced neck, the 1S46 and 1844-5 Tables are identical. He never figured any Amphorina as such, but it is to be presumed that he would have transferred to the genus such species as Oolina (L) clavata, striata, and striaticoUis. The geaus was only adopted extensively by Seguenza (" Poraminiferi Monotalamici mioceniche di 1862), and twice (A. elongata and .4. gracilis) by Costa. (3) No attempt has been made to preserve any d'Orbignyan sequence of genera alter 1826, as their order varies more or less iu each Table. (4) d'Orhigny did not adopt the Latinized termination ina until 1839. In 1826 the terminatioii is invariably French: — Nodosaire, Liuguline, Frondiculaire, Kimuline, etc. (5) Included as a synonpn of Vaginuliua in 1846. The genus was only used (for single species) subsequently by von Romer, Schwager, and Reuss. (6) = Lageua. (7) = Cristellaria. (8) = Rhabdogonium. (9) = Bigeuerina (pars), Bolivina (pars). (10) Removed (erroneously) in 1839 to " Agathistegues.'' (11) = Polymorphina. (12) In the text of the "Tableau" Gemmuliua appears as a subgenus of Bigenerina. (13) After 1826 d'Orbigny placed the " Nautiloides " before the " Turbinoides," and suppressed his second division, the " Ammonoides." (14) - Globigerina (pars), Cymbalopora (pars), Discorbina (pars), Rotalia (pars), etc. (15) = Pulvinulina (pars), Rotalia (pars). (16) = Polymorphina. See note (41) below. (17) Occurs in the Table on p. 30 of the Cuba Memoir, but not in the text or in any other Memoirs. It is apparently the same as Ghrysalidina. See the note on this genus in Sherborn's Index. (18) = Anomalina. (19) Removed in 1839 to the class " Turbinoides." (20) Removed in 1839 to the class "Nautiloides." (21) = Cornuspira (pars), Cristellaria (pars), Planorbuliua (pars). This genus disappeared after 1826, being apparently a kind of refuge-genus instituted by d'Orbigny for several species from Soldani's " Testaceographia," which he found himself rinable to place (see p. 27). They have been discussed with some care by Parker and Jones. See XX., pp. 178-9, 238. (22) Removed in 1839 to " Entomostegues." (23) Removed in 1839 to the class " Turbinoides." (24) = Peneroplis. (25) = Cristellaria. (26) D'Orbigny observes in a note in 1826(1., p. 295) that "Living species Alciih cVOrhigiiy. 99 having been discovered, we are compelled to change the termination — ites of the genus Nummulites." (27) = Calcarina. (28) = Nummulites. In the text of the " Tableau '' Assilina appears as a sub- genus of Nummuliua. (29) Described in a footnote to page xxxviii (Introduction) of the Cuba Memoir, but not in the work itself. It had been sent to him from Vienna by J. von Hauer by that date. (30) Described in a footnote on p. xsxvii (Introduction) of the Cuba Memoir, but not in the work itself (see note 5). (31) = Orbitolites (pars), and perhaps = Patellina (pars). See XVII., pp. 229-230, 233. This he removed in 1852 (XIV., vol. ii., p. 192) to a new family called Cyclostegues, which he placed between j\Ionostegues and Stichostegues, to contain it, and Orbitolites, Orbitolina and Orbitoides. (See pp. 26, 66.) (32) = Peneroplis. (33) Generally regarded as an early or juvenile stage of several IMiliolinge. It is, however, still separated as a genus by some Rhizopodists. Uniloculina occupies the same category. We agree with Schlumberger that Adelosina is the niegalo- spheric form of Quinqueloculiua, " a megalosphere completely enveloped by the first chamber which becomes lenticular " (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi., 1886, p. 557.). (84) = Miliolina tricarinata with a cruciform aperture (see p. 78). (35) Removed in 1839 to " Helicostegues "' (Nautiloides). (36) Removed in 1839 to " Agathistegues." (37) = Discorbina (pars), Rotalia (i^ars). (38) = Bulimina. (39) The absence of the genus Calcarina in the table, both in this edition and in the later ones, is not explained. (40) In the text of the "Tableau," Dentalina, Glaudulina, Orthoeerina, and Mucronina, appear as sub-genera of Nodosaria. (41) In the text of the " Tableau," Guttulina, Globulina, and Pyrulina appear as sub-genera of Polymorphina. (42) In the text of the " Tableau," Discorbina, Trochulina, and Turbinulina appear as sub-genera of Rotalia. (43) In the text of the " Tableau," Saracenaria appears as a sub-genus of Cristellaria. It is referred to CmieWaria itoZica. SeeXVIII.,p. 482 ; XIX., p. 32 ; XX., p. 246. 255, No. 43. 265, No. 13. 279, No. 2. APPENDIX G. Species named in the " Tableau Methodique " not Diagnosed, Figured, or Identified by Parker and Jones, or by fornasini. 1. Page 255, No. 43. Dentalina depressa} ^ Polymorphina equalis} - Truncatulina eJongata.- Described as a fossil from Grignon and Parnes in XV., vol. ii., p. 407, No. 1327. " Grande espece bomb^e." The species was recorded as a fossil by Terquem (Plage de Dunkerque, pt. 3, 1881, p. 126, pi. xvi., figs. Q, a, b ; and Eocene of Paris, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 3, vol. ii., 1882, mem. 3, p. 93, pi. ix. (xvii.) figs. 26 a b). * The " Tableau Methodique" is the only reference given inSherborn's Index. - No synonomy in the " Tableau " ; a d'Orbignyan species. H 2 100 Transactions of the Society. 4. Page 294, No. 9. Nonionina semistriata} ^ This is given as a synonym of Polystomella hurdigalensis in XV., vol. ii'i., p. 155, No. 2885. 5. „ 307, No. 7. AlveoUna quoijiip- It is diflficult to surmise why this sjDCcies was ignored by Parker and Jones, seeing that it was figured by d'Orbigny in the original plates in the Ann. Sci. Nat. (pi. xvii., figs. 11-13). It was figured again by Carpenter (XVIL, p. 99, pi. viii., figs. 13-15, text figs, xxii., xxiii.) and by other authors subsequently. (See Sherborn's Index.) Parker and Jones merely refer to it by name in their ' paper on Alveolina (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. viii., p. 168). APPENDIX H. Species added to the "Tableau Methodique" in DE Feeussac's Additions and Cokrections. Especes restees inconnues a M. d'Orbigny : — Nautilus rugosus Linne, Syst. Nat., xii., Gramen et Siphunculus {Noihsaria siphunculus Lam). „ repanclus Fichtel and Moll., Eponide de Montf . {Placentula pulvinata Lam. and Blainv.). „ radiatus. „ venosus. „ sinuatus. „ papillosus. „ tuberosiis (Cristellaria tuherosa Lam.) Celle-ci est peut etre la TruncatuUna tuherculata de M. d'Orbigny. „ carinatidus Dillwyn, Descript., Catal. Rotalites Unticiilina Lamarck, Ann. du Museum. „ depressa Lamarck „ discorbida Lamarck Lenticulites variolaria Lamarck Nummidites scabra Lamarck LituoUtes difformis Lamarck „ „ MilioUtes opposita Lamarck „ „ Orthocera acicula Lamarck, Anim. sans Yertebr. „ regularis Blainville, Malacologie. ' The " Tableau Methodique " is the only reference given in Sherborn's Index. * Nosynonomy in the " Tableau " ; ad'Orbignyan species. JJ ?> JJ JJ 55 J? J5 »5 Alcide d'Orhigny. 101 Ajoutez les especes suivantes Page 252, No. 3 his. 253, No. 23 „ „ No. 27 „ 254, No. 31 „ 255, No. 12 „ „ No. 48 „ 265, No. 13 , 27G, No. 4 ,. 287, No. 7 Nodosaria subarcuatula Montagu. „ obliqua, Linn6. „ jugosa Montagu. „ insequcdis Linne (Gmelin). „ hicarinata Montagu. „ (espece incertaine) Schroeter. Polymorphina Jactea Montagu. Crdcarina stellata d'Orbigny (from Spengler). Spirolina tenuis Linne. (The above pagination is taken from the original " Tableau " and not from de F6russac's " Additions.") APPENDIX I. Aeticles by Professor Carlo Fornasini in which G. Berthelin's Tracings of the d'Orbigny Sketches were reproduced. Mem. Ac. Sci. 1st. Bolosfna : — 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (5. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Ser. 5, vol. vii. 1898, ?5 !5 5? 9? vol. viii. vol. ix. >5 vol. X. Ser. 6, vol. i. vol. ii. vol. iii. vol. V. 55 55 55 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1904, 1905, 190G, 1908, p. 205. p. 239. p. 639. p. 357. p. 45. p. 371. p. 1. p. 3. p. 59. p. 61. p. 41. Rend. Acc< Sci. 1st. Bologna : — 12. 13. 14. N.S., vol. ii. 1897, p. 9. vol. vii. 1903, p. 142. „ p. 139. 55 55 Eivista Ital. Paleont. : — 15. Vol. iii. 1897, p. 13. 16. Vol. V. 1899, p. 23. 17. Vol. vii. 1901, p. 104. 18. Yol. viii. 1902, p. 11. 19. „ „ p. 44. S. Pietro in Lama. Rotaline fossil i. Polistomellini. Foraminiferi Adriatici. Nodosarie Neogenici. Bulimine Adriatiche. Rimini. Specie Orbignyane di Foraminiferi. „ di Miliolidi. „ di Rotalidi. di Nodosaridi, eto. Sabbie Bolognesi. Globigerine. Amphistegine. Clavulina. Bilocuhna. Textilaria. Polymorphina. Textilaria. 102 Transactions of the Society. APPENDIX J. The Final Conclusions of F6lix Du.taedin. No apology is needed for a short recapitulation of the final conclusions of Dujardin, recorded in the larger work cited in this Memoir (p. 41), regard being had to the position which he occupies with regard to the history of the Foraminifera. Recognizing, as he was the first to do, that their zoological place was among the lowest forms of creation he included them in his " Second Order. Rhizopoda. Asymmetrical Infusoria ; 2nd Family. Am(ehae. Naked animals, crawling, of con- tinually varying form. 3rd Family. Rhizopoda. Animals either crawling or fixed ; secreting a more or less regular shell or test, from which protrude continually varying expansions." It must be remembered that the period covered by the early work of Dujardin was the era of the invention of the Achromatic Microscope, and the revelations afforded by the new instruments seemed to con- temporary biologists to open up a vista capable of the widest and hitherto undreamed of expansion. Thus Dujardin says in his Introduc- tion (p. vii), " Quoique le Microscope par les perfectionnements qu'il a recus depuis quinze ans soit devenu en quelque sorte un instrument nouveau et inconnu de nos predecesseurs, nous sommes loin de croire qu'il soit arrive an terme de ses perfectionnements possibles," and after some anticipations of possible progress he concludes (p. viii), " Comme €elui qui batit sur le sable mobile on sur un sol inconnu, nous sommes done expose a voir notre oeuvre, a peine edifice, s'ecrouler, ou perdre tout d'un coup sa valeur, par suite de telle decouverte pressentie vague- ment et qui doit multiplier un jour la puissance de notre vue." It was actuated by such reflections as this that Dujardin himself laboured at, and contributed not a little to, the improvement of the instrument. Accordingly he commences his work with the statement that " the history of the Infusoria is entirely bound up in that of the Microscope." His mind was much exercised by the nature of the protoplasm to which he had given the designation " sarcode," and he observes (as others have observed and recorded in varying terms) on p. 25, " Nevertheless we are not justified in saying that, where the Microscope shows us only a homogeneous transparent substance, but endowed at the same time with movement and life, we must conclude with finality that neither fibres nor organs of any kind are present. . . . We must arrive at tlie conception of an ultimate expression of size at which a homogeneous substance is of itself contractile." ^ He divides the Rhizopoda of this third family (Foraminiferes) into : (1) Free, e.g. Rotalia, Poly- stomella, and Cristellaria, of which the first has a test lined with an internal membrane, the two latter being entirely calcareous and per- ^ We may compare this with a passage in Carpenter's " IMental Physiology," Liondon (1874), p. 44, in which he says, after describing the behaviour of certain Foraminifera to which I have been bold enough to apply the term "purposive," " The apparent absence of a nervous system is doubtless to be attributed in many instances to the general softness of the tissues of the body, which prevents it from being clearly made out among them." (See also Journ. R. ]Micr. Soc. (1916), p. 138, in a paper in which I discussed this matter at some length.) I Alcide d'Orbif/ny 103 foratc all over ; and (2) Fixed, e.g. Rosalina (Truncatulina) Planorbis, and perhaps Polytrema (" ancien MiUepora rubra que d'apres des observations non verifiees depnis 1834 je suis porte a ranger parmi les Rhizopodes)." (See p. 41.) He points out (p. 240), after referring to d'(lrbigny's original attribution of tlie animals to the Cephalopoda, that later authors (see p. 42) have still persisted in arguing from the complexity of the test, against the observations which reveal in these Rhizopoda the simplest possible organization. He refers to d'Orbigny's establishment of Families founded on the arrangement of the chambers, and of Genera founded on the presence and position of an aperture, which, however, he says he has not been able to make out as clearly as d'Orbigny (p. 243). He points out that he was the first to see Fora- minifera in their correct light, that he was the first to decalcify them, and that he found them living on algte and attached to the " asperities " •of molhiscan shells, the marine forms being generally visible to the naked eye (1 mm.), the living shells being often red or yellow, but the empty shells being white. At p. 252 he gives a systematic description of all the species known to him, beginning with Gromiu oriformis, of which he gives a very complete and elaborate account, most of which I have had the good fortune to confirm in my observations at Selsey. He describes their climbing the sides of his tanks and " swimming " on the surface of the water, the protrusion and formation of the pseudopodia, and their sensitiveness when touched by passing animals, their tenacity and extensile properties revealed when they are disturbed or shaken. He gives an equally complete account of "Miliola," figuring an apparently biloculine form for which he proposes the name Miliola vulgaris,^ which may, however, be a very rotund MiUoliiKt semimdum. He describes (p. 2r)8) Vertebralina as having been found by him at Toulon, which he justly oljserves " is very nearly related to the Miliolro " ; Cristellaria as common in the Mediterranean (see, however, d'Orbigny's observation (p. 42, ante), that this was probalily the common Mediter- ranean form Peneroplis). He describes the equitant chambers of Poly- stomella revealed by decalcification. His Plate T. (repeated from Bibl. V.) gives finely drawn and coloured figures of Polystomella and of the Miliolid with the pseudopodia fully extrnded. He says that he has not observed Rotalia, Rosalina, and Planorbulina alive, but that he is satisfied that all parts of the shell are occupied with the sarcode body, as is the case with Polytrema. Finally, he refers to a few fossil forms, regarding " Siderolites " (i.e. Calcarina) from the Maastricht chalk as a Rhizopod, but he is not satisfied of the foraminiferal nature of Numnuilites, " Oryzaria " (i.e. Alveolina), Nodosaria, and some of the other d'Orbignyan species. ' It may be mentioned in conclusion that years after he was in some doubt as to the Rhizopodal nature of many of the d'Orbignyan species as " we find appended to the names of several of those described by him in the 'Dictionnaire Universelle d'Histoire Naturelle' (e.g. Nonionina, Nummulites, and Rotalia), the abbreviation Moll ? as well as Foram.''''-^ ^ This Dame had already been " occupied " by d'Orbigny for one of his species. - XVII., p. 7. 104 . Transactions of the Society. Bibliography. I. A. d'Okbigny. — Tableau Methodique de la Classe des Cephalo- podes precede d'une Introduction par M. de Ferussac. Ann. Sci. Nat. vii. (1826) pp. 96-169. Suite, " Foraminiferes," pp. 245-314, Atlas (pis. x-xvii). II. F. DujARDiN. — Observations nouvelles sur les Cephalopodes Microscopiques. Ann. Sci. Nat. (ZooL), ser. 2, iii. (January 1835) pp. 108-9. III. Observations nouvelles sur les pretendus Cephalopodes Microscopiques. Ann. Sci. Nat. (ZooL), ser. 2, iii. (June 1835) pp. 312-314. IV. — Observations sur les Ehizopodes et les Infusoires. Comptes Rendus de I'Acad. des Sci. (November 1835) pp. 338-340. V. Eecherches sur les Organismes Inferieures. Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.), ser. 2, iv. (December 1835) pp. 343-377. VI. Suites a Buffon. Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes. Infusoires. Paris, 8vo, 1841. VII. A. d'Okbigny. — In : Eamon de la Sagra. Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de I'lle de Cuba. Foraminiferes. Paris, 8vo, 1839. (With an Atlas of 12 pis. fol.) VIII. ■ In : P. Barker-Webb and S, Eerthelot. Histoire Naturelle des lies Canaries. 105 Livraison. Foraminiferes. Paris, 1839 (fol. 3 pis.). IX. Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale, v. part 5. Foramini- feres. Paris, 1839 (fol. 9 pis.). X. Memoire sur les Foraminiferes de la Craie Blanche du Bassin de Paris. Mem. Sec. Geol. France, iv. 1841. Mem. I., pp. 1-51 (4 pis.). XI. — • Mollusques vivants et fossiles, Paris, 1845, 8vo. XII. Foraminiferes Fossiles du Bassin Tertiaire de Vienne (Autriche) dt'couverts \)&\: S. E. le Chev. Joseph de Hauer (French and German). Paris, 1846, 4to. XIII. Article : " Foraminiferes " in " Dictionnaire Universelle d'Histoire Naturelle, dirige par Charles d'Orbigny," v. Paris, 1844 (? 1845) pp. 662-671. XIV. Cours Elementaire de Paleontologie et de Geologie Stratigraphiques. Paris, i. 1849 ; ii. 1852. XV. Prodrome de Paleontologie Stratigraphique Universelle des Animaux Mollusques et Rayonues, faisant suite au Cours Elementaire de Paleontologie, etc. Paris, i. and ii. 1850 ; iii. 1852. XVI. Gaudry, a. — Alcide d'Orbigny, ses voyages et ses travaux. Revue des deux Mondes, xix. (1859) pp. 816-847. XVII. W. B. Carpenter, W. K. Parker, and T. Rupert Jones. Intro- duction to the Studv of the Foraminifera. London, Ray Society, 1862, fol. XVIII. W. K. Parker and T. Rupert Jones. On the Nomenclature of the Foraminifera. Part X. The species enumerated by d'Orbigny in the " Annales des Sciences Naturelles," vii. 1826. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, xii. (1863) pp. 429-441. Alcich d' Orlngny . 105 XIX. W. K. Parker and T. Rupert Jones. On the Nomenclature of Ihe Foraminifera. Part X. (continued). III. The Species illus- trated by Models. Ibid., xvi. (1865) pp. 15-41 (pis. i-iii). XX. Part XIV. IV. The Species founded upon the Figures in Soldani's " Testaceographia ac Zoophytographia." Ibid., ser. 4, viii. (1871) pp. 145-179, 238-266 (pis. viii-xii). XXI. P. Fischer. — Notice sur la vie et les travaux d'Alcide d'Orbignv. Bull. Soc. Geol., France, ser. 3, vi. (1878) pp. 434-53. XXII. C. DE Labonnefon. — Les d'Orbigny, Naturalistes (1770-1856). Les Coutemporains, No. 718, Paris, n.d. (1906) p. 16 (woodcuts). XXIII. C. Basset. — Foraminiferes de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de la Charente Inferieure. Soc. des Sci. Nat. de la Charente Inf. Annales de 1884 ; La Rochelle (1885) pp. 153-173 (photo- graphic plate). XXIV. E. Beltrejiieux. — Le Naturaliste d'Orbignv a Esnandes. Ibid., Annales de 1888 ; La Rochelle (1889) pp.^ 358-56 (pL). XXV. K. A. VON ZiTTEL. — History of Geology and Palaeontology to the End of the Nineteenth Century. Translated by M.M. Ogilvie- Gordon. London, 1901. XXVI. E. Heron-Allen and A. Earland. — The Recent and Fossil Foraminifera of the Shore-Sands at Selsey Bill, Sussex. Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc, London, 1908-1911. XXVII. The Foraminifera of the Kerimba Archipelago (Portuguese East Africa). Trans. Zool. Soc, London, xx. (1915) part 1 (1914) pp. 363-90 (pis. xxxv-xxxvii) ; part 2 (1915), pp. 543-794 (pis. xl-liii). XXVIII. E. Heron-Allen. — Contributions to the Study of the Bionomics and Reproductive Processes of the Foraminifera. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, London, ser. B, ccvi. pp. 227-279 (pis. xiii-xviii), London, 1915. Note to page 9. — It was difficult to resist becoming a little carried away by the mention of the Conventionnel Billaud-Varennes. Not only was he born at La Rochelle, where his father was an avocat iu an excellent position, but it was to La Rochelle that he was brought, after a terrible journey, on which he narrowly escaped with his life from the fury of the populace at Orleans, Tours, Poitiers, and Niort, on the 12th April, 1795, after the reaction of the 9th Thcrmidor. His father and mother met him at the Port, and spent a few hours with him before his incarceration on the lie d'Oleron, preparatory to his embarkation for Cayenne. From thence he made a tragic progress, transferred in turn to Sinnamary — where even his political colleagues, exiled thither in 1797, refused to be associated with him— and to Makourin, iu French Guiana. Here he refused the amnesty granted to political prisoners in 1800. His wife, Angelique Doye, whose adventures after the transportation of Billaud-Varennes is a romance in itself, came to La Rochelle in 1796, anxious to join him in his exile in Guiana, but Billaud-Varennes would not consent to her making the journey. He had taken to himself a young negress of sixteen year.s, who became his faithful companion until his death. They moved from one plantation to another, and in May ISIG they went to the United States, living in turn in great hardships at Newport and New York ; and in September of the same year they went and settled in San Domingo, the ancestral home of the d'Orbignys. It was only here that he abandoned " the terrible lion's mane " — the yellow peruke that he had always worn, even in exile — and it was here that he died' on the 13th June, 1819. The curious interweaving of the lives of Billaud- Varennes and d'Orbigny prre in La Rochelle and San Domingo has always im- pressed me vividly. Angelique Doye died in 1815; the negro wife of Billaud- Varennes was still living in extreme old age at Port-au-Prince in 1874. 106 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES HELATING TO ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY (PEINCIPALLY INVEETEBRATA AND CRYPTOGAJIIA), MICROSCOPY Etc.* ZOOLOGY. VERTEBHATA. a. Embvyolog-y. f Gonads in Relation to Secondary Sex-characters of Birds. | H, D. Goodale has experimented with Roueii ducks, brown leghorns, and cross-bred birds, observing the changes in plumage, etc., that follow gonadectomy. 1. The plumage of the orchidotomized male is altered comparatively little : some feathers grow somewhat longer, but other- wise they are the same as in the unaltered male. In contrast, the plumage-changes of the ovariotomized female are extensive, in respect to shape, size, colour and colour-pattern. The plumage approximates to that of the normal male. 2. As to head-furnishings, the capon's comb and wattles remain of infantile type. In the castrated hens the comb becomes very large and male-like in some, while in others it remains comparatively small. As yet there is no clear evidence of the causes of this difference. :?. All the capons reported on by Goodale have well-developed spurs. In all the castrated hens in which the male plumage also developed there were well-developed spurs, while in many of those in which the assumption of male plumage was partial or tempo- rary the spurs started to grow. Several times they continued to grow after the plumage reverted, and though they did not grow quite as long as those in which the removal of the ovary was complete, they were otlierw'ise similar. Apparently, the dependence of the spurs upon the internal secretion is relatively slight ; the inhibition exerted in the female upon the development of the spurs is so slight that once develop- * The Society are not intended to be denoted by the editorial " we," and they do not hold themselves responsible for the views of the authors of the papers noted, nor for auj^ claim to novelty or otherwise made by them. The object of this part of the Journal is to present a summary of the papers as actually pub- lished, and to describe and illustrate Instruments, Apparatus, etc., which are either new or have not been previously described in this country. t This section includes not only papers relating to Embryology properly so- called, but also those dealing with Evolution, Development, Reproduction, and allied subjects. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publication No. 243 (1916) pp. 1-52 (7 pis.). SUMMARY OF CUEEENT EESEAECHES. 107. rnent starts the hormone is not always able to check it. Some strains of leghorns and minorcas produce a large percentage of spurred female offspring. 4. Castrated ducks of botli sexes showed no change in voice, but castrated fowls are disinclined to give voice to any kind of sound. Capons can utter all the sounds of which the cock is capable, but they rarely do so. 5. As far as Goodale's observations go, castra- tion with one exception has not influenced the moult of the capon. On the other hand, castrated ducks lose the power of developing the summer plumage. 6. Castration is without influence on the colour of the male duck's mandible, but ovariotomy results in the disappearance of certain pigments from the mandible of the female. 7. Completely castrated individuals of all kinds are on the whole negative in behaviour as compared with normal adults. The behaviour of castrates corresponds rather closely to that of young birds shortly before they become mature. The birds eat, drink and move about rather quietly. Male characters, such as spurs, large comb and wattles, and a " neck ring " in ducks, sometimes occur in otherwise normal females. Instances of the occurrence of female characters in males, strictly com- parable to those just referred to, are uncommon or wholly lacking. The only character of this sort among capons is the brooding instinct. Some female-like characters in males are juvenile characters. It is probable that while some secondary sex- characters are absolutely depen- dent on the internal secretion of the gonad, others are partially, at least, independent. Hen-feathered males illustrate juvenile, rather than female characters of plumage. Neither the assumption of male plumage by the female nor the development of the accessory reproductive organs need be considered evidence that the female is a suppressed herma- phrodite, because the secretion of the ovary clearly controls their development. On the other hand, it is clearly proven that the female is a suppressed josei. The hairs become transformed into scales, in which the colouring matter becomes accumulated, while the membrane loses it, being shut off from the light by the broadening of the scales. A\^e must regard the primitive colour-pattern of Lepidoptera as a relic of the more complex system of nervures which their ancestors possessed — a remnant of the numerous, colour-bordered transverse nervures which later on became obliterated. In some the ancestral condition has wholly vanished, in others it has been actually accentuated. Gyandromorphic Specimens of Currant-moth. | — L. Doncaster describes two peculiar forms of Abraxas gross ulariata. The chief peculiarities of the first specimen are : (1) that though predominantly male, it had the lacticolor character, which from its parentage should be confined to females ; and (2) that throughout the body the right side was male, the left imperfectly developed or tending towards the female * Proc. k. Akad. Wetenscb. Amsterdam, xviii. (1916) pp. 1255-65. + Proc. k. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, xviii. (1916) pp. 1557-63. : Proc. Cambridge Pbil. Soc, xviii. (1916) pp. 227-9. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MIGKOSGOPY, ETC. 117 tyj^e, with division of parts of the genital armature which are norinaliy median. The internal genital organs were as far as is known imperfectly developed male organs. The important features of the second specimen were : (1) the pre- dominantly male character of its external organs, both genital armature (very imperfectly developed, however), and secondary sexual characters, combined with the pattern which should accompany the male sex (from the given parentage), though this was badly developed ; and (2) the fact that the internal genital organs were ovaries, and contained a few quite well-developed eggs. In the light of these cases, Doncaster can explain cei'tain exceptions to normal sex-limited inheritance previously believed to occur. Life-history of Tiger-beetle." — Lily H. Huie has studied the life- history and bionomics of Cicindela campestris. The grub burrows in sand-banks, in peat, or even in the borders of sandy roads. The head and jaws together with a semicircular plate on the prothorax serve to close the mouth of the hole ; the hooks on the eighth segment behind the head serve to anchor tlie larva in its burrow when it springs forward at a passing insect, and to support it while waiting, for the burrow is deeper than the length of the body. The approach of even the shadow of any creature big enough to be dangerous causes the larva to v/ithdraw instantly. The burrow is always smooth-walled ; the orifice is perfectly circular, with its edges smoothly rounded off ; the diameter of a large burrow is 5-6 mm., the depth usually exceeds 3 inches ; a full-grown larva measures rather under an inch in length. The larvae observed in Argyllshire fed largely on blow-flies. The male beetles are somewhat smaller than the females. The pairing occurs in May. Egg-laying was observed early in June, on sunny days. The egg is laid in a pit in the ground and this is care- fully filled up. If the beetle be disturbed in laying and the egg get laid on the surface, she will turn round excitedly and devour her egg. Other beetles show no disposition to eat the dropped egg. The eggs are 2 mm. in length, oval, yellowish, coated with- viscid substance. As they mature they become white and somewhat swollen. The behaviour of the larva3 and adults is carefully described. A typical life-history is made up as follows : — Efamily of Trilobites, and comes to the conclusion that the beginning of the Ordovician was a period of great variation of some primitive Cheirurid, and that the greater number of the genera are the result of contemporaneous and rather rapid differentiation at that time. Annulata. Spawn of Spio martinensis Mesn.§ — F. Mesnil remarks on the few cases in which the spawn of marine Polychasts is securely known. That of Phyllodoce maculata is familiar ; that, of ScoIojjIos miilhri was * Univ. California Publications (Zool.) xvi. (1916) pp. 171-84 (2 figs.), t Rend. R. 1st. Lombarclo, xlix. (191G) pp. 525-41. X Washington Univ. Studies, iii. (1915) pp. 101-52 (25 figs.), § Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xli. (1916) pp. 32-5 (1 fig.). 124 SUMMAKY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO for long referred to the loLworm {Arenicola), which has its eggs in a €ord, in one row or in several rows. The spawn of Spio is a flattened tubular mass, 10-16 mm. in length, with a delicate envelope. The eggs are in one layer, or in several layers, each layer with about a dozen longitudinal rows. The colour is from yellowish-white to slightly orange. The eggs are briefly described. Brancliiura sowerhyi in France.* — R. Despax records the abundant occurrence of this interesting limicolous Oligoch^et in the canal at Toulouse. The worm was foimd among the decomposing detritus at the margin, and the author regards it as probably indigenous. It lives with the anterior end embedded in the substratum, with the posterior branchiferous part floating out and ceaselessly undulating. Beddard described it in 1892 from Victoria regiu tanks in the Botanical Society's garden in London, and Michaelsen from a similar situation in Hamburg. It has heen generally regarded as an imported exotic. It should be noted, however, that L. Perrier recorded it from the overflow water- basins of the Bhone, and now we have its occurrence at Toulouse. Genus Jasmineira.f — W. C. Mcintosh discusses this genus instituted by Langerhans in 1880 for a minute Sabellid from Madeira. The differences which Langerhans indicated between Josmineira and the other Sabellids, especially the Chonids, are by no means striking, but there is an essential feature which escaped him, viz. the remarkable elongation of the posterior hooks. In the British Ghone reayi and the Canadian C. princei the typical Jasmineiroid hooks are present and carried a stage further, but in other respects these species link the genera Jasmineira and Chone closely together. Spawning and Exuviation in Areniccla.| — H. C. Williamson has made experiments with a view to obtaining normally spawned eggs of Arenicola marina. Some specimens from the Bay of Nigg were put into a box, with saud taken from the same place, on May 7th, A week later a greenish capsule containing green eggs was found, and four similar capsules appeared before the end of June. A larva examined between the fourth and sixth day showed two eye-spots. A zone round the larva had long, thick, tentacle-like cilia, turned towards the eyed end. The cilia worked for a little and then stopped, almost every second. Careful examination of the apparently gelatinous mass surrounding both the capsules deposited in the box and those found on the beach showed that it was in reality fibrous and was in all probability the cast-off skin of the w^orm, which is wrapped round the cocoon, and anchors it to a piece of seaweed or stone. From the fact that the capsules were found above the level of the sand — 6 in. in one case — the author infers that the adult was swimming when the eggs were * Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xli. (1916) pp. 4G-8. t Journ. Zool. Research, i. (1916) pp. 1-3. X Journ. Zool. Research, i. (1916) pp. 102-11 (12 figs.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICEOSCOPY, ETC. 125 deposited. No worm was ever observed above the surface of the sand during the day. Snow-field and Glacier Olig-ochaeta.*— Paul S. Welch describes from Mt. Rainer, Washington, 2Ies6nchytrseus gelidus sp. n., from elevations of 2700-5000 feet, and M. solifugus rainierensis var. n. from an elevation of 7500 feet. The description pays special attention to the minute structure of the reproductive organs. It is probable that the food consists in part of minute snow Algae. The mature forms of both species are dark in colour, as are some other glacier animals. The pigmentation is probably in some way adaptive. Nematohelminthes. Sclerostome Parasites of Horse. f — Charles L. Boulenger describes Triodontophorus teiiuicolJis sp. n., T. hrevicauda sp. n., T. intermedius Sweet, and (Esoiplunjodontus robustiis Giles, from English horses. Sclerostomes are responsible for a considerable amount of damage to horses, and it is very important that reliable and full information should be available in regard to the different forms and their life- histories. Germ-cells in Ascaris incurva.l — H. B. Goodrich has made a study of the development of the germ- cells in Ascaris incurva, a form which seems more suitable for investigation in the early stages than the ])etter-known A. megalocephala. There is in tI. incurva a sex-chromo- some complex, consisting of eight a;-chromosomes and one ^-chromosome, which is mated by a detinite component of the :c-group. The elements of the ii'-group appear to be mutually independent except during the reduction division. The a;-chromosomes are carried to one pole in the reduction division on account of their attachment to one member of a bivalent chromosome unit, consisting of the y-chromosome and its mate among the .c-components ; otherwise these elements are equally affected by the opposing forces acting during the first phase of mitotic division. The heterotypic mitosis may be divided into two phases ; one characterized by action of equal and opposite forces from the spindle pole, the other by an apparent cessation of the forces and movements probably due to cytoplasmic currents. Measurement of volumes of nuclei of spermatozoa gives a bimodal curve, and the ratio between the volumes of nuclei of the modal classes is closely proportioned to the ratio between the numbers of chromosomes contributed respec- tively to the male-producing and female-producing spermatozoa. The ^-chromatin is indistinguishable from other chromatin during the growth stages. The growth stages present a seriation comparable with that of other forms, and therefore ylscms need not be considered * Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc, xxxv. (1916) pp. 85-124 (4 pis.). + Parasitology, viii. (1916) pp. 420-39 (1 pi. and 7 figs.). X Journ. Exper. Zool., xxi. (1916) pp. 61-99 (3 pis. and 11 figs.). 126 SUJ.lMAllY OF CUlUiEiN'T 11E«EARCHKS EELATING TO exceptional among animals in regard to the interpretation of the nature of reproduction. Paired bodies resembling " pro-chromosomes " are found during the pre-sjnaptic stages, and these are transformed into parallel threads and enter the contraction figure, indicating a parasynapsis. A more intimate and orderly union of the paired threads in synapsis is observed in the oogenesis than in the spermatogenesis. Elimination of chromatin during cleavage occurs in the four-cell stage, as in A. Jumhri- coides, rather than at the two-celled stage, as in ^. mec/alocephala. A copious bibliography is appended to the paper. Trichostrongylus orientalis.* — K. Kitamura describes the peculiar ova of this Nematode which is widely distributed in Japan. It lives in man in the duodenum and in the beginning of the jejunum. The eggs occur in the f feces. They resemble those of Anhjlostoma and Kecator, but are consideraljly larger and show more numerous blastomeres. The development of the larva in free life may be divided into three stages — the first after the hatching out of the egg-shell, the second after the first moult, and the third after " encystation." At each stage the larvfe may be distinguished from those of Ankylostoma by the caudal characters, the arrangement of the intestinal cells, the length of the body, and so on. Infection may perhaps be effected cutaneously, as has been shown experimentally in the mouse. The worms are hardly of pathological importance. A full description is given of adults and larvee. New Acanthocephalan.f — H. J. Yan Cleave gives a careful descrip- tion of FilicoUis botulns sp. n. from the intestine of an eider-duck. Till recently it would have been referred to the genus Echinorhynchus, but Liihe's attempt to solve the problem of the relationships of E. iwhj- morflius Bremser, E. anatis Sclu'ank, and E.filicoUis Rudolphi, led him to establish two independent genera — FilicoUis and PoJymoiyhvs. The proboscis of the female of the new species is atypical in being not inflated but like that of the male. Platyhelminthes. Tapeworms of Fowls and Sparrows. J — F. J. Meggitt describes from fowls Davainea dubius sp. n., D. cesticillus Molin, and Amccbofsenia sphenoides von Linstow. In regard to the last, the fatal effect of large numbers is noted. The Cestodes secrete a toxin which, when present in large quantities, acts as a strong poison, but which may have no apparent effect when diluted. The eggs may develop inside the brandling {Allolobojyhora fcetida), a,ud a prick of a needle may liberate 10-30 cysticercoids from the intestine. From sparrows the author obtained Choanotsenia parina Duj. and Hymenolepis interriiptus Clerc. * MT. med. Falkult. k. Univ. Kyushu, ii. (1916) pp. 1-59 (6 pis.), t Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc, xxxv. (1916) pp. 125-30 (1 fig.). J Parasitology, viii. (1916) pp. 390-410 (3 pis. and 1 fig.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 127 Triradiate Tapeworm from Horse.* — F. J. Meggitt describes a triradiate abnormality in Anoplocephala perfoliata, previonsly noted by Neumann. He shows how the disturbance of symmetry affects the excretory, nervous, and reproductive systems. Leucochloridium macrostomum (Rud.) from Great! Grey Shrike.f J, Ritchie, jun., records this Trematode for the first time in Britain. He found it in the intestine of Lanius excuhitor, and probably in the starling as well. 'The early stage is passed in the body of the snail Succinea piitris. Control of Head Form and Frequency in Planaria.J — CM. Child, continuing his studies on the dynamics of morphogenesis in experimental reproduction, has experimented on the control of head-form and head- frequency in planarians by means of potassium cyanide. The details of each experiment are given in tabular form. In general, he found that low concentrations of cyanide diminish head -frequency in pieces representing the anterior third of the first zooid, have little effect on the middle third, and increase frequency in the posterior third. Two factors are chiefly concerned in determining whether a head shall appear or not: 1. The reaction of the cells adjoining the cut surface; 2. The stimulation of the piece as a whole following section. The effects of cyanide are due to its action on these two factors. All the facts indicate that head-frequency varies directly with the metabolic rate of the cells concerned in head-formation, and inversely as the metaboUc rate of other parts of the piece. Kotatoria. Male-production in Hydatiua.§ — A. F. Shull and S. Ladoff, starting from the established fact that certain agents reduce the number of male-producing females in Hydatina smta, have made investigations with the two-fold aim (1) of explaining how the agents prevent the appearance of the male-producing females ; and (2) of discovering means of increasing male-producers. Their second line of research proved the more fruitful. They found that the effect of numerous substances in diminishing male-production is not due to osmotic pressure, acidity, or alkalinity, or to the mere retarding of certain processes. Very dilute solutions of calcium chloride repeatedly increased male-production in one parthenogenetic line and not in another. Magnesium chloride gave results that could not be inter- preted, while potassium sulphate, iron chloride and ammonium chloride all reduced male-production, as did also dilute bouillon. Oxygen in the water increases male-production. Its effect is most marked in * Parasitology, viii. (1416) pp. 379-89 (1 pi. aud 2 figs.), t Glasgow Naturalist, viii. (1916) pp. 42-5. X Journ. Exper. Zool., xxi. (1916) pp. 101-26 (10 figs.). § Journ. Exper. Zool., xxi. (1916) pp. 127-61 (1 fig.). 128 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO counteracting the influences of other substances such as bouillon. The authors agree with Whitney in thinking that nutrition has some effect, but further experiment is needed to test the extent of its influence. Echino derma. Effect of Radium Radiations on Rate of Cell-division in Arbacia.* Charles Packard finds that the eggs of this sea-urchin, exposed to a brief but intense radiation during the period when the germ nuclei are approaching each other, are accelerated in their rate of cell-division. Less intense radiation produces less acceleration. Exposures made during the prophase result in an acceleration unless they are prolonged, when a retardation ensues. During the metaphase the same phenomena appear, but to a greater degree. During the telophase the effects are much the same as in the prophase. Eggs exposed during the resting stage are not easily affected. The power of the protoplasm and chromatin to absorb the radiations does not change during the j>eriods of cell-division. The differences in the density of the chromatin during the different phases of mitosis do not affect its absorptive power. During the metaphase, when the eggs are most responsive to radiations, oxidations take place through the activity of enzymes. If these enzymes are accelerated or retarded, the effect is to accelerate or retard the rate of cell-division. Experiments indicate that radiations produce these effects on extracted enzymes. It may be inferred, therefore, that the endo-enzymes are affected in the same way, and that changes in the rate of cell-division, following radia- tion, are due to the direct action of the radiations on the rate of enzyme action. Food of Sea-urchin.t — H. N. Milligan finds that Echinus miliaris eats dead or dying fishes, eggs of fishes, Ascidians, Cirripedes and small Crustaceans, dead Crustaceans of larger size, cast-shells of Crustaceans, freces of crabs, dead and gaping Molluscs, eggs of dog-whelks, pieces of other Echinoderms, living members of the same purple-tipped species, living colonies of Polyzoa, tubes of Serpulids and the like, Hydrozoa, small sponges, Algse of various kinds, sand and shell-gravel — an extra- ordinary range of food. Coelentera. Firth of Forth Coelentera. J — Wm. Evans records HaUclystus auricula (Ratke) ; a species of Rhizostoma, probably i^. octopus (L.) ; the little Medusoid Phialidium cymbaloideum (van Ben.), liberated from Campamdina repens or C. turrita ; Sarsia tuhulosa, Melicertidium octocostatum, Eutonina socialis, Tima lairdii, and the fine Ctenophore, Bolina inftmdibulum. * Journ. Esper. Zool., xxi. (1916) pp. 199-211. t Zoologist, XX. (1916) pp. 81-99. : Scottish Naturalist, No. 59 (1916) pp. 283-6. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 129 Sense-organs and Regeneration in Cassiopea.* — L. Gary has made a series of experiments to determine the influence of the marginal sense-organs on the rate of regeneration in Cassiopea xamachana. These Medusae, with their nearly flat circular disks with sixteen equally spaced sense-organs, were found to withstand practically any operation, and to retain their vitality indefinitely in a medium-sized jar of sea-water. Experiments were made with entire disks from which all the sense-organs were removed, or with one half the organs removed, or with all but one removed, and so on. Full details of the experiments are given. The author concludes that his study of the influence of the sense-organs on general metabolism — as indicated by CO, production — shows that the metabolism of Cassiopea is influenced by the sense organs in a manner quite in accord with the differences in the rates of regeneration under the several sets of experimental conditions. The rate of regeneration is simply one expression of the general metabolic activity, and as such is subject, like many other activities, to the influence of the nerve centres. Neuromuscular Arrangements in Sea-Anemones.f — G. X. Parker notes that the glandular, ciliary, and nematocyst systems are local in their reactions to environmental change, and remain normally responsive in animals anaesthetized with magnesium sulphate or chloretone. There is good reason to assume, therefore, that they are not under nervous influence. The muscular system, on the other hand, is so controlled. In Metridium marginatum there are at least thirteen muscles or groups of muscles. Two of these are ectodermic ; (1) the longitudinal muscle of the tentacles, and (2) the radial muscle of the oral disk. The remaining eleven muscles are endodermic : (3) the circular muscle of the tentacles, (4) of the oral disk, (5) of the oesophagus, (G) the sphincter, (7) the circular muscle of the column, (8) of the pedal disk ; the five mesenteric muscles : — ('.)) basilar, (10) longitudinal, (11) transverse, (12) parietal, and (13) the longitudinal muscles of the acontia. The nervous mechanism is a network of neurofibrils and the like which permeates the deeper regions of the ectoderm and endoderm. Vigorous stimulation of almost any part of the surface is commonly and quickly followed by the com])lete contraction of the whole animal, and the response is very protracted. The simplest type of muscular activity is seen in the longitudinal muscle of the acontium. It is brought into action by the direct application of an appropriate mechanical or chemical stimulus, and is without nervous connexions. A second type is seen in the circular muscle of the column, which is open to direct stimulation, and is also under the control of nerves. In this respect it resembles the sphincter pupill;^ of the vertebrate eye, which responds not only to nerve impulses but also directly to light. A third type is seen in the longitudinal muscles of the mesenteries, * Journ. Exper. Zool., xxi. (1916) pp. 1-32 (11 figs.), t Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, Iv. (1916) pp. 340-3. Feb. 31st, 1917 K 130 SUMMARY OF CUERENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO which fail to respond to stimulus when the animal is deeply anaesthetized. Hence it is concluded that their action is primarily controlled by nerves. Under ordinary stimulation their action is profound and lasting, and has given grounds to the idea that the actinian muscle is specialized almost exclusively on the side of its tonicity, A fourth type is seen in the transverse muscles of the mesenteries, particularly of the complete mesenteries. When food- juice is discharged on the tentacles or lips the transverse mesenteric muscles contract and open the oesophagus, preparatory to what under normal circumstances would be the swallowing of the food. On withdrawing the stimulus these muscles quickly relax and the oesophagus closes. This reaction is so definite and precise in its relation to the stimulus, and so invariable in its occurrence, that it must be regarded as a true reflex. The muscular reactions thus range from direct muscle responses of a most primitive character to true reflexes. The more complex operations of food-taking, creeping, and so forth, depend upon some combination of the various types of muscular or neuromuscular activity. These operations are often extremely complex, and call for a high degree of co-ordination ; and yet this co-ordination is almost entirely of local origin, for an isolated tentacle will react to food almost exactly as an attached one does, and the pedal disk, even after the oral disk has been cut away, wdll creep in a fashion indistinguishable from that of an intact animal. It may be concluded that the nervous system of the sea- anemone is essentially diffuse, lacking obvious centralization. Sagartia parasitica Mounting Shells.*— H. N. Milligan describes the way in which an isolated specimen of this sea-anemone, dropped into an aquarium, adhered to the Nassa shell of a passing hermit-crab, and gradually mounted it in about five minutes. It was removed from the Crustacean and tried with an empty whelk-shell, which it also mounted. Porifera. Gelatinous Spicules in a New Genus of Siliceous Sponges.f — Arthur Dendy describes Gollosclerophora arenacea g. et sp. n., a tetraxonid sand-sponge with gelatinous microscleres (colloscleres). The normal skeleton is almost entirely replaced by sand-grains. The megascleres are slender strongyla, occurring chiefly in loose wisps radiating towards the surface, where they form- sparse surface-brushes. The colloscleres (0' 02-0 "OS mm. in length) vary in form. When contracted they always show an indentation or notch on one side, and are sausage-shaped, boomerang-shaped, and kidney-shaped. They swell up and become gelatinous on the addition of water. They consist of colloidal silica, and are formed by special scleroblasts as extracellular secretions. They also occur in two other related sponges, as will be afterwards de- scribed. It is probable that in life the swollen collosclere fills the vesicle in which it lies. The wall of the vesicle may be regarded either * Zoologist, XX. (1916) pp. 39-40. t Proc. Key. Soc, Series B, Ixxxix (1916) pp. 315-22 (1 pi.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 131 as a concentration of the mesogloea, due to the pressure of the collo- sclere, or as a precipitation membrane formed at the surface of contact, between the gelatinous collosclere on the one hand, and the gelatinous mesogloea on the other, the former consisting of colloidal silica, and the latter presumably of an albuminoid character, both probably with small quantities of mineral salts. Protozoa. Heredity and Variation in Difflugia.* — H. S. Jennings has made an intimate study of heredity, variation, and the results of selection in the uniparental reproduction of Difflugia corona. This Rhizopod shows a number of very definite characters that are congenital, not modified by growth, and not affected by the environmental conditions during the life of the individual ; these are therefore remarkably favourable for studies of inheritance. These characters are : (1) the number of the spines on the shell ; (2) the length of the spines ; (8) the diameter of the shell ; (4) the depth of the shell ; (5) the number of teeth surround- ing the mouth ; and (6) the diameter of the mouth. In a population found in nature the individuals differ among them- selves in all these characters. In large populations an increase in any one of the characters is accompanied on the average by an increase in the others. When a population is allowed to propagate, the charac- ters of the parents are inherited in a high degree by the progeny. Co-efficients of correlation between parent and offspring rise even to • 9 with respect to some of the characters. Populations consist of many hereditarily diverse strains. The heritable characteristics of a given strain show a high degree of con- stancy through many generations, though the individuals within the strain may differ greatly in their personal cliaracters. The strains show hereditary diversities with respect to the six characters enumerated above, and with respect to the way in which these are combined. A strain that shows one of the sets of hereditary characters in a higher degree may show another one iti a low degree. The combinations distinctive of particular strains cannot be accounted for as due merely to the difference in some one underlying character, such as the size of the body. When a single family is studied by itself (all descended by fission from one original parent), it is found that a considerable degree of correlation obtains between parent and offspring for most characters. In regard to some characters (e.g. the number of teeth, often also the diameter) the correlation of parent and offspring is very high (at times • 5 or more). Sometimes this high con-elation is due to a mere steady increase in size from generation to generation. But in most of the families the correlation is due to the inheritance of parental diversities. Selection for diversities within the single family, e.g. as to number of teeth, was found to be effective. In regard to the size of the animal -and the length of the spines, selection is much more rapid than in regard * Genetics, i. (1916) pp. 407-534 (19 figs.). K 2 132 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO to the number of the spines. After many generations of selection the family becomes much diversified with respect to the characters selected, so that the coefficient of correlation between parent and offspring may become almost as high as in populations. In respect to the three characters referred to in the preceding paragraph, parents that deviate from the general mean produce progeny that deviate from the mean in the same direction as the parents, but to a less extent. Regression of the progeny towards (but not to) the general mean occurs. The variations which are inherited m later generations are some- times considerable in extent, so that they may be characterized as saltations (or mutations, if these be defined as marked inherited varia- tions). But most of the inherited variations are very slight. After many generations of descent from a single progenitor a family will show differentiation into many hereditarily diverse stocks, differing hereditarily as to particular characters and also as to combinations of characters. In general, this interesting investigation shows that in Dijh/gia corona a population consists of many hereditarily diverse stocks ; and that a single stock, derived by fission from a single progenitor, gradually differentiates into such hereditarily diverse stocks ; so that by selection marked results are produced. Feeding of Amceba.*— S. 0. Mast and E. M. Root have made a series of observations on the feeding of Amoeba with special reference to the surface-tension theory. The Amoeba observed was a large lobose form corresponding, at least superficially, to the ordinary descriptions of Amccha proteus. They found tliat the Amoeba feed at times almost exclusively on Rotifers, at other times largely on Faramoccium. They capture the Rotifers by flowing around the foot of the point of attach- ment to the sul:)stratum. The Rotifer responds by contracting and forcing the Amoeba back, after which it extends again, and the Amoeba begins to flow out over it. In the meantime the foot begins to digest, and gradually the Rotifer weakens. They continue thus sometimes for days before the Rotifer is swallowed. When the Amoeba are feeding on Paramcecium they assume a sort of mushroom shape with a serrate edge consisting of numerous short pseudopodia. The Infusorians tend to come to rest between and under these pseudopodia by which they are usually surrounded, but sometimes the ends of the pseudopodia approach each other before they are fully extended, and cut the Paramcccium in two. To cut a Paramwcium in two with a fine glass fibre requires a pressure of approximately 9 mms. If the pseudopodia have the same cutting quality as the glass fibre, and if their movement is clue to a change o:' surface-tension, it requires, to perform the work involved, a reduction in surface-tension of at least lll.s dynes per centimetre at the tips of the pseudopods. If the ends of the pseudopods fuse so as to take on tne form of a ring round the Parama'cium, and if the cutting is due to constriction in this ring, and if the constriction is due to a change in surface-tension, the work involved requires a minimum reduc- tion along the inner surface of the ring of 383 dynes per centimetre. * Journ. Esper. ZooL, xxi. (1916) pp. 31-50 (5 figs.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 133 The evidence seems to indicate that the Paramecium is divided by the approach of the two pseudopods. On the basis of the surface-tension theory the surface-tension of the Amoeba would require to be much higher than 388, and probably higher than 1118 dynes per centimetre. But the surface-tension of protoplasm is only about 50 dynes per centi- metre, and it is probably at best an insignificant factor in the process of feeding in Amoeba. '^ Ciliary Current in Free-swimming Faramoecium.* — S. 0. Mast and K. S. Lashley note that when these Infusorians are at rest and are feeding, a cone-shaped current from a considerable distance in front of the animals proceeds down the oral groove towards the mouth, Ijut that in the case of free-swimming individuals there are no appreciable movements of particles either in front of or along the sides of the animals. In free-swimming Parama^ckun, Stmtor^ and Spirostomum, there is no continuous feeding-cone, as there seems to be in Rotifers. Water is sucked towards the free-swimming Infusorians through only a very short distance, probably a distance not over twice the length of the cilia. This distance is not great enough to make any warning of un- favourable environment ahead, which may be due to such currents, of any appreciable value. The feeding-cone is produced by these organisms : (1) when they are at rest and are feeding ; (2) during locomotion, if they are retarded l)y lateral contact with resistant substances which are not uniformly distributed (e.g. bacterial masses, the substratum, etc.), or if the rate of locomotion is increasing or if it is decreasing (provided the decrease in rate is due to a reversal or a decrease in the activity of the cilia on the body without a similar change in the activity of those in the oral groove) ; and (3) in the avoiding reaction, but not until after the stimulus which causes such reactions has been received and the animals begin to turn. It is not the cause of the avoiding reaction. Trypanophis grobbeni.t — J. F. M. Floyd gives an account of this Flagellate Infusorian, which, as Keysselitz records, is abundant through- out the gastro-vascular system of the Siphonophore, Halisfemma tergcstinum, where it can be detected even with a dissecting lens. Xone of the author's preparations showed a karyosome within the nucleus (" trophonucleus ") nor a kinetonucleus at the base of the flagella. The free flagellum springs from a more or less distinct basal granule. The attached fiagelkim originates from the edge of the body at a point either on a level with the basal granule of the' free flagellum or a little in advance of it. Along the whole length of the animal is a row of " chromatic bodies." New Species of Opercularia.i — X. M. Grier describes Opercularia waUffreni sp. n., found growing profusely on Sagittaria, in colonies of 2-200 zooids, which assume a nodding or pendant position after con- * Journ. Exper. Zool., xxi. (1916) pp. 281-93 (6 figs.). t Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc, xx. (1910) pp. 62-4 (1 pi.). X Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc, xxxv. (1916) pp. 138-9 (1 pi.). 134 SUMMAEY OF CURRENT KESEAKCUES EELATING TO tracting. The food consists for the most part of uniceUular Alga^, but Protozoa are also used. The ciliary disk has apparently but one circlet of cilia ; the membranous collar is moderately large, but obliquely set ; the stalk of the colony shows profuse dichotomous branching. The use of the term " polypidum " in reference to a colony of Protozoa is to be deprecated. Fission in Hexamitus.* — Olive Swezy has studied the binary and multiple fission in species of Hexamitus from the rectum and large intestine of a number of Amphibians. In most cases H. intestinalis was the species met with. It may be noted tiiat the genus is represented in rats, mice, snakes, tortoises, and fishes, as Avell as in Amphibians ; and that H. inflatus occurs in stagnant water. The flagella are so minute that there has been prolonged uncertainty as to their number, which is eight, not sis. The cell-division is a simple form of mitosis, initiated by division of the blepharoplasts, followed by longitudinal splitting of both asostyles. Four chromosomes are found on the mitotic spindle, two going to each of the daughter-nuclei. New nuclear membranes are formed inside the old one, which fades and disappears before the completion of the process of cell-division. Multiple fission takes place in the unencysted forms by a series of successive divisions of the two nuclei and the accompanying motor apparatus without corresponding division of the cell-body, forming a somatella of eight undivided binucleate individuals. These subsequently break up by successive splitting off of one individual at a time. The binuclear structure of the potential individuals is maintained throughout the process. Both binary and multiple fission occur similarly in at least two species, H. ovatus and H. intestinaUs ; multiple fission has been observed in a third species, H. liatracJwrum. Monocercomonas and Polymastix.f — Olive Swezy has made a study, of these two parasitic Flagellates from the food-canal of insect larvae and Amphibians respectively. The generic characters of Monocer- comonas are as follows : four equal anterior flagella arising from one or more blepharoplasts or basal granules ; a large vesicular nucleus situated at the anterior end ; a slender axostyle arising in the blepharoplast and terminating in the periplast at the posterior extremity of the body. The only authentic species are 31. melolontlise (Grassi) and M. ceto7iise Jollos. The genus Polymastix differs from 3Ionocercomonas mainly in the absence of an axostyle, the presence of striations on the definite periplast, and, in most cases, the extranuclear chromidial l)odies or parabasal. Ijodies. As M. bvfonis Dobell possesses the generic characters of FohjmasHx, it should be called F. hiifonis (Dobell). The process of division in P. hufonis is a simple form of mitosis, exhibiting two chromosomes, pole-plates instead of centrosomes, and the formation of two nuclear membranes inside the old one, which dis- appears. The parabasal body divides by a simple constriction. The * Univ. California Publications (Zool.) xvi. (1916) pp. 71-88 (3 pis.). t Univ. California Publi'cations (Zool.) xvi. (1916) pp. 127-38 (2 pis.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICEOSCOPY, ETC. 135 division of the cytoplasm begins at the anterior end and proceeds posteriorly. Kineto-nucleus of Flagellates.* — 0. Swezy has made an experi- mental investigation of the "kineto-nucleus" of Hiiemoflagellata and Hsemosporidia, with special reference to the binuclear theory of Hartmann. The . kineto-nucleus is a structure correlated with endo- parasitic life. It is not the kinetic centre of the cell, but a " kinetic reservoir," and it is suggested that the term " parabasal body," used by Janicki for similar organelles in the Trichonymphid^e, better indicates its relations in the cell. The author's results directly contradict those of Hartmann on the three main points put forward in support of his binuclear theory. She finds (1) that the "kineto-nucleus" is not com- posed of nuclear chromatin ; (2) that it has not been found, in any single instance, to arise by division of the nucleus ; and (3) in no instance could nuclear behaviour, as shown by mitosis, be claimed for it. The Hffimosporidia are not affiliated either morphologically or develop- mentally with the Hffimoflagellata, but are more nearly allied to the Coccidia. The order Bi-nucleata being founded on false premises, and composed of famihes totally unrelated, should not be retained as a vaKd order of the Mastigophora. Temperature and Variation.!— Merkel H. Jacobs, in some notes on temperature and the activities of animals, suggests that high tem- perature may have been the cause of a heritable variation in Para- mecium observed in the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania. A three-vacuoled race appeared, which has remained constant for sixteen months. The author also refers to the severe conditions endured by the Rotifer PhilocUna roseola, which frequently passes in a few hours from what would be a tropical to what corresponds to an arctic environment. Unusual Mode of Reproduction in Stylonichia.|— R. D. Greenaway describes the liberation of a sort of bud from a somewhat mis-shapen and unhealthy specimen of Stylonichia. The excrescence bore uniform sliort cilia, and its cytoplasm was like that of the large individual. The isthmus connecting the two narrowed and elongated and broke ; the whole process of liberating the bud or fragment taking about twenty mimites. * Univ. California Publications (Zool.) xvi. (1916) pp. 185-240 (58 figs.). t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ixviii. (1916) pp. 85-6. X Zoologist, XX. (1916) pp. 198-9 (2 figs.). -t-e^^-*- 136 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO BOTANY. GENERAL, Including the Anatomy and Physiology of Seed Plants. ^ Structure and Development. Veg-etative. Abscission in Mirabilis.* — F.E.Lloyd has studied the phenomenon of abscission in Mirahilis jalapa, in order to prove that Hannig is incorrect in his view that in this species abscission is the result of the complete solution and destruction of a layer of tissue. The author finds that " there is no antecedent structural indication of the position of the abscission zone." In young parts one tier of cells gives evidence of physiological activity, while in older parts ten to twelve tiers are involved. The greatest activity is in the uppermost five layers, wiiich constitute the separation-layer and correspond to Hannig's " Losungsschicht." Abscission begins in the innermost part of the cortex, near the base of the internode, and extends inwards towards the pith and outwards to the epidermis ; the uppermost tier of the cells involved changes most rapidly. The cell-walls undergo chemical change, and in the separation-layer the primary and secondary walls are completely digested ; the tertiary walls separate from each other and from the partially altered primary and secondary walls of the next tier of cells. Only the uppermost tier of the separation-layer undergoes complete separation. Starch appears to be the source of etiergy in the process of separation. When separation is complete the protoplasts are left invested by a tertiary membrane which grows independently of other membranes. Neither cytoplasm nor nuclei take part in the degeneration changes, but they exhibit greater physio- logical activity, and are quite normal when separation is complete. There is no loss of turgor. The author concludes that Hannig is mistaken in regarding this as a new type of abscission, since the essential details are the same as those which occur in Gossypium, Aristolochia, etc. Australian "Grey Mangrove." f — R. T. Baker contributes a paper dealing with Avicennia q^cwi«Z<.s, popularly known as the "grey man- grove." After a brief discussion of the systematic position of this species, the author proceeds to a description of the leaves, breathing- roots, seed, timber, and bark. The leaves were found to exhibit two remarkable features : 1. Numerous depressions on the upper surface of the leaf, resembling stoniata in appearance, but of diff'erent structure and function ; these are probably contrivances for increasing the area of the * Bot. Gaz., Ixi. (1916) pp. 213-30 (1 pi and 2 figs.). t Journ. and Proc. Eoy.Soc. New South Wales, xlix. (1916) pp. 257-81 (19 pis.). \ ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 137 epidermal cuticle. 2. The peculiar orientation of the leaves, which appears to serve the purpose of providing the shade necessary for the breathing-roots. The histological examination of the stem shows that there are no true medullary rays, since each ray is restricted in length to the width of each ring ; bauds of vertical walls of sclerenchymatous cells limit the length of the rays. The phloem-cells, which form regular clusters on the outer edge of each ring, appear to be capable of function- ing as ordinary bark. The wood-fibres have a somewhat remarkable distribution, and the wood-parenchyma between them and the stone- cells apparently performs the work of caml;)ium. There is nothing corresponding to the spring and autumn growths found in other dicotyledonous trees, although the annual rings are well-defined ; the greatest peculiarity of the rings is their discontinuity, the break being due to the intrusion of another " ring " in juxta-position but at quite a different angle to the normal ring. The author has given especial attention to these rings, and finds no evidence to support the theory that they are due to forest fires or difference in tides. In his opinion they ai-e due to an endeavour to attain a maximum of strength by a minimum of weight, disposed in fibres or breaks as required by the large amount of foHage borne by the tree ; they may also give strength to resist river-currents and tides. A noticea])le feature of the tree is the impossibility of killing it by ring-barking. This appears to be due to each " ring " being in itself a fascicular bundle, so that destruction of the bark only deprives the tree of a ring of outer cortex, and the numerous remaining phloem-streaks are able to carry on the function of the injured outer portions. Reproductive. Floral Pedicel of Mesembryanthemum.* — G. Barthelat contributes a short note upon the structure of the floral pedicel of Mesemliryan- themum. The author finds that at least twenty-five species of this genus have fibro-vascular bundles in the cortical tissues of the pedicels. These bundles vary in number and extend to different levels of the floral axis. In some species they form a more or less regular circle in the central parenchyma, and terminate in the lower half of the pedicel without forming any connexion with the chief bundles of the central cylinder ; their orientation is normal. In other species the structure and disposition are analogous, but the bundles extend into the upper portion of the floral axis. All these bundles have the same origin ; they are secondary, descending bundles which arise in the sepals, and, after crossing and anastomosing in the ovary, pass into the pedicel. The number, disposition, and importance of the principal bundles of the central cylinder are in close connexion with the structure of the flower. Parthenogenesis, Parthenocarpy, and Phenospermy in Nicotiana.f T. H. Goodspeed has investigated the claim of Mrs. Thomas to have * Comptes Rendus, clxiii. (1916) pp. 366-8. t Univ. California Publications (Bot.) v. (1915) pp. 249-72 (1 pi.). 138 SUMMARY OF CUliliENT KESEAIIGHES RELATING TO produced parthenogenetic seed without difficulty in species and hybrids of Nicoiiana. The species used for the experiments was a white-flowered variety of N . Tahacum, this being the variety with which Mrs. Thomas was most successful. Previous investigations dealing with over 1000 attempts to produce parthenogenetic seed from numerous other species, varieties, and hybrids of Nicotiana gave entirely negative results. The most successful results were those obtained with the above-mentioned variety, where 800 castrations and mutilations of buds produced over 100 normal fruits ; but the majority of these parthenocarpic fruits pro- duced merely a large number of empty seeds and a few flattened or shrivelled seeds. The production of such seed may be regarded as a process of phenospermy. About fifty seeds from nine parthenocarpic fruits were, however, found to contain normal endosperm and embryos ; eighteen such seeds produced six seedlings, which have attained a fair size. A small portion of the seed was neither parthenogenetic nor phenospermic, but contained traces of nothing but endosperm. The author is thus able to confirm Mrs. Thomas's results so far as this species is concerned, but his experiments appear to show that parthenogenesis is limited in Nicotiana to this one strain, known as N. Tahacimi Cuba. Anomalies in Linaria.*— P. Yuillemin contributes a note upon the anomalous flowers of Linaria. Forty- nine such flowers were examined, and were found to be anomalous in the number and form of the spurs and in the number of petals and stamens ; in the majority the numbers of spurs, petals, and stamens were in excess of those characteristic of the normal flower. This may be the result either of partition or reduction of the parts of the original normal flower. There is no evidence in favour of partition, but rudimentary vestiges of petals in several abnormal flowers favour the view of reduction ; thus the origin of these abnor- malities appears to be a typical decamerous flower. But the normal Linaria flower is of a fixed peutamerous type, so that a decamerous flower can only exist by a union of the buds of two peutamerous flowers. Thus gamogemmy must be regarded as the cause of these anomalies. Such gamogemmy has been shown by the author to be the result of injury of the axis of the inflorescence. CRYPTOGAMS. Pteridophyta. (Bj' A. Gepp, M.A., F.L.S.) Hippochaete in North America.! — 0. A. Farwell, after studying the genus Equisetum of the United States, is convinced that the species should be grouped under two genera : 1. Eq^iisetum, with stems annual, often dimorphous, the sterile always with regular verticils of acutely angled branches at the nodes ; spikes rounded at apex ; * Comptes Rendus, clxiii. (1916) pp. 382-5. t Mem. New York Bot. Garden, vi. (1916) pp. 461-72. I ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICliOSCOPY, ETC. 139 stomata scattered (type species, E. arvcnse). 2. Hippocksete, with stems generally evergreen, not dimorphous, usually simple ; branches, when present, similar to the stem ; spikes usually apiculate ; stomata in regular rows (type species, H. hy emails). The genus Hipjjochsete was proposed by Milde in 1865. Further, Farwell would split this genus into two sections — Euhippochsete (stems evergreen, spikes apiculate) and Amhiijua (stems annual, spikes obtuse or apiculate, ridges rounded). And he provides a key in which the characters that separate the species are to be found in the ridges and sheaths, whether concave and bian- gulate, or convex and banded, campanulate or cylindrical. He describes also two very distinct types of anatomy in Hippochsete — the one with the vallecular bast abundant, the other with the carinal bast abundant. Vittaria and Antrophyum.* — G. Hieronymus, having revised the Vittarieai of the Berlin Herbarium, found it necessary to separate off several new species of Vittaria and Antrophyum, and publishes detailed descriptions of them. A further series of new species from New Guinea and tropical Africa are destined for Engier's " Botanisches Jahrbuch." B r y o p h, y t a. (By A. Gepp.) Resting Moss-protonema.t— B. M. Bristol describes and figures some remarkable examples of moss-protonema which, after lying dormant for nearly half a century in samples of soil stored in sealed l)ottles at the Eothamsted Experimental Station, germinated when placed under cultivation. When carefully cleaned from particles of soil, the new green protonema was found to have arisen from distorted resting-cells with enormously thickened walls, and containing greenish- yellow oil-drops. These oil-drops disappear as the new shoots develop and produce their chloroplasts. No such resting moss-protonema appears to have been observed hitherto. Ecology of Mosses. I — B. Kessler gives an account of his experiments in connexion with the ecology of mosses. He finds that the germination of moss-spores is influenced by the reaction of solutions. The same reaction works differently on the spores of species from different habitats. The behaviour of spores in a solution of acid or alkaline reaction shows a relation to the habitat of the moss-species. The spores of chalk- loving species {Hypnum moJImcum, If. commutatum, Barbiila muralis, Br yum csespltitium, Orthotrichum saxatile, Grimmia pulvinata, Flayiopus (Ederi) demand an alkaline reaction. Mosses of damp humus and swamp-land (species of Bpluujnum. and Polytrichum, Poyonatum., Tetrapliis, Dkranella heteromalla) demand an acid reaction. The spores of the so-called widely distributed species and of those which prefer * Hedwigia, Ivii. (191G) pp. 200-14. See also Bot. Centralbl., cxxxii. (191G) p. 442. t New Phytologist, xv. (191G) pp. 137-43 (figs.). X Beih. Bot. Centralbl., xxxi. Ite Abt. (1914) pp. 358-87 (1 fig.). 140 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO a soil free from lime (such as Hylocomium loreum., Hijpnum Schreheri, H. ct/pressiforme, Mnium punctatum, Barhvki subuJafa, Bartramia pomiformis, Bryum argenteuM, Dicranum scopariam and Hedwigia ciliata) germinate in a neutral to weak alkaline solution. In nature, this influence of the reaction on germination determines the distribution of the species. Bogs and damp humus have an acid reaction ; other soils have an alkaline reaction, strongly alkaline in case of the lime-containing rocks. The calcareous contents of the rock do not act as such, but through the presence of OH-ions. The spores of mosses which grow on dry rocks sink to the bottom in water, while those of other mosses float. The species with spores that sink are more adapted for habitation on dry rocks ; when the rocks are wet they remain in the rock crevices, whereas floating spores would be washed off. The possibility of distribution is greater for the spores of species growing in dry places, on account of the greater movement of air prevailing there. The absence of these species in damp habitats is probably caused by the much quicker germination of the mosses that are suited for damp places. The time of ripening of the sporogonium of mosses growing in dry places takes place during the period between the maximum of dampness of soil and that of the maximum of summer rainfall — that is, in spring- time. With increasing dampness of habitat, the time of ripening is more evenly distributed over the different seasons. An attempt was made to increase the speed of the germination of the mosses from dry, sunny habitats by previous warming, but without marked success. A connexion was not firmly proved between a capability of germinating in the dark in an inorganic solution and a particular habitat, but it possibly exists. Cierraination in the dark succeeds more easily in a lesser concentration of inorganic nutritive solution. It was impossil)le to germinate certain species in the dark. Excretions of lime on the leaf -points of mature plants were only noticed on calcifuge species. Moss-calyptra with Stomata.* — P. Janzen describes the occurrence of stomata on quite normally formed calyptra of Encalypta ciliata. Stomata are common on the thallus of frondose hepatics, on tlie receptacles of Marchantieffi, and on the sporogonium of Anthoceros ; but are unknown on the foliose hepatics. On the capsules of mosses they are frequent. The stomata of the calyptra of Encalypta ciliata are descril)ed as being structures arrested in development. The author recommends that the calyptras of Funaria, Gampylopus, Trematodon, Grimmia, etc., which, Wke Encalypta, are provided with water-sacks, should be examined for similar stomata. Fossombronia crispula in Indiana.f — E. J. Hill gives an account of Fossombronia crispula Austin, with a description of its structure, and of the nature of the habitats in which he has found it in the Dune region of Indiana. It occurs in sloughs from which the water has dried away, especially on the vertical sides of old footmarks left by cows in the drying mud in summer-time. The plant is evidently annual, the * Hedwigia, Ivii. (1916) pp. 263-5. See also Bot. Centralbl., cxxxii. (1916) p. 409. t Bryologist, xix. (1916) pp. 67-8. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 141 spores lying dormant during the rainy season. An important character of this species is the form of the elaters, which are very small, short, cylindric, straight, or occasionally slightly curved, with very obtuse ends and a single feeble spiral. Fissidens.* — J. A. Wheldon describes Fissidens pusillus var. Wilsoni, a new variety, and indicates the points of structure in which it differs from other varieties of F. pusillus and from F. inmrvus and F. viridulus. He discusses the systematic value of the inflorescence of mosses, and, in view of its variability, he is inclined to regard with suspicion the status of species which are founded mainly upon the position of their inflorescence. As to the morphological meaning of the anomalous leaf of Fissidens, he is in agreement with the interpretation which E. S. Salmon put forward in 1899 upon evidence furnished by the structure of the vascular tissue of the costa. Psilopilum cavifolium.t — I. Hagen shows Polytrichum cavifolium Wils., an Alaskan moss in Seemann's Botany of H.M.S. 'Herald' (1